{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]],"date-time":"2026-10-16T02:39:58Z","timestamp":1792118398775,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,13]],"date-time":"2024-05-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1715558400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["aao-hnsfjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Otolaryngol.--head neck surg."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title><jats:p>Hearing loss (HL) has been linked to negative socioeconomic states, including low income. This study examines the relationship between HL and income growth.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Study Design<\/jats:title><jats:p>Longitudinal observational study.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Setting<\/jats:title><jats:p>Multicentered US epidemiologic study (Hispanic Community Health Study, HCHS).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Using data from 2 waves of the HCHS, we analyzed the association between HL and income growth in adults ages 18 to 74 years using generalized estimating equations. The exposure was HL, measured by 4\u2010frequency pure\u2010tone average (PTA). The outcome was yearly household income growth, with income graded on a 10\u2010bracket scale from &lt;$10,000 to &gt;$100,000. Models controlled for demographics, hearing aid use, and vascular risk.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>A total of 1342 participants met inclusion criteria. At visit 1, average age was 47.6 years (SD\u2009=\u200912.2), and average PTA was 13.9 decibels (dB, SD\u2009=\u20099.5). Average follow\u2010up was 5.9 years (SD\u2009=\u20090.6). There was a significant time\u2009\u00d7\u2009HL interaction: with each 10\u2009dB worsening in HL, the odds of belonging to a higher versus a lower income bracket changed by a factor of 0.979 (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u2009.001) between waves 1 and 2. In other words, the odds of belonging to a higher income group decreased with worsening HL. At 38.6\u2009dB, the odds for income growth became &lt;1, indicating income loss rather than growth.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Increased HL is associated with reduced income growth, including the possibility of negative growth (ie, income decline). This study emphasizes the value of including socioeconomic measures in randomized controlled trials assessing the impact of HL treatment and the importance of extended follow\u2010up for study participants.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/ohn.797","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,13]],"date-time":"2024-05-13T08:59:12Z","timestamp":1715590752000},"page":"740-746","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Hearing Loss and Reduced Income Growth: A Longitudinal Socioeconomic Analysis"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"171","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0631-5997","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michael W.","family":"Denham","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology\u2013Head and Neck Surgery, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons NewYork\u2010Presbyterian\/Columbia University Irving Medical Center New York City New York USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lauren H.","family":"Tucker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology\u2013Head and Neck Surgery, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons NewYork\u2010Presbyterian\/Columbia University Irving Medical Center New York City New York USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Prakash","family":"Gorroochurn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biostatistics Columbia University New York City New York USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2432-5291","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Justin S.","family":"Golub","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology\u2013Head and Neck Surgery, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons NewYork\u2010Presbyterian\/Columbia University Irving Medical Center New York City New York USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archinternmed.2011.506"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.289.15.1976"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archotol.127.10.1197"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_1","unstructured":"NIH NIDCD. 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