{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,10]],"date-time":"2026-09-10T05:39:42Z","timestamp":1789018782255,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,19]],"date-time":"2025-09-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1758240000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["chemistry-europe.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["ChemistryOpen"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Molecular networking has emerged as a new in\u2009silico tool for analyzing liquid chromatography\u2013mass spectrometry (LC\u2013MS) data for better annotation and elucidation of novel compounds and different pathways. Green synthesized nanoparticles (NPs) have gained considerable attention as a result of their effectiveness in possessing good antimicrobial activity. Their eco\u2010friendly nature and cost\u2010effective synthesis have positioned them as sustainable nanomaterials in various fields. However, not much is known about the mechanism underlying the green synthesis of NPs. Therefore, herein, the copper oxide NPs (CuO NPs) are fabricated, and ultrahigh performance liquid chromatography\u2010quadrupole time of flight mass spectrometry based molecular networking is utilized to understand the phytochemical relationship between the crude extract and the NPs, outlining metabolites that might be involved in reduction. Moreover, CuO NPs synthesized from\n                    <jats:italic>Citrus unshiu<\/jats:italic>\n                    fruit peels are tested for their antimicrobial and cytotoxic activities. Various characterization methods, such as X\u2010ray diffraction, UV\u2013vis spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy\u2010energy dispersive X\u2010ray analysis, Fourier transform infrared, dynamic light scattering, and transmission electron microscopy, are employed to provide comprehensive insights into the atomic and structural characteristics of NPs. Molecular network reveals the presence of different metabolites such as isosakuranetin\u20107\u2010O\u2010rutinoside, hesperidin, skullcapflavone II, homoorientin, eupatorin\u20105\u2010methylether, scoparin, and vitexin, which are recognized as antimicrobial and reducing agents. Additionally, the synthesized CuO NPs show exceptional antibacterial efficacy with a low minimum inhibitory concentration on\n                    <jats:italic>Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus cereus, Escherichia coli,<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>Salmonella typhimurium<\/jats:italic>\n                    , highlighting the potential of using LC\u2013MS to explain the antimicrobial properties and green synthesis pathway.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/open.202500374","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,19]],"date-time":"2025-09-19T15:40:26Z","timestamp":1758296426000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Molecular Networking\u2010Driven Chemical Profiling, Characterization, and Antibacterial Effects of Cuo Nanoparticles Synthesized from Citrus Unshiu Peel Extract"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Livhuwani","family":"Mafhala","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"UNESCO\u2010UNISA Africa Chair in Nanoscience and Nanotechnology College of Graduates Studies University of South Africa  Muckleneuk Ridge Pretoria 392 South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0419-9953","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shohreh","family":"Azizi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UNESCO\u2010UNISA Africa Chair in Nanoscience and Nanotechnology College of Graduates Studies University of South Africa  Muckleneuk Ridge Pretoria 392 South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Garland","family":"More","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CAES Laboratories College of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences University of South Africa  Johannesburg Gauteng South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ilunga","family":"Kamika","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Nanotechnology and Water Sustainability School of Science College of Science, Engineering, and Technology, Florida Campus University of South Africa  Florida, Roodepoort Johannesburg Gauteng 1709 South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2174\/1381612827666210612051713"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","first-page":"52","volume":"12","author":"Hailu T.","year":"2021","journal-title":"Indian J. 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