{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,15]],"date-time":"2026-05-15T07:09:44Z","timestamp":1778828984079,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,12]],"date-time":"2026-02-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1770854400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,12]],"date-time":"2026-02-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1770854400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["chemistry-europe.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["ChemistryOpen"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>The demand for sustainable and natural alternatives in the flavor and fragrance industries has driven interest toward enzymatic synthetic routes. This study reports the enzymatic production of geranyl benzoate, a monoterpenoid ester with potential bioactivity and commercial applications, catalyzed by immobilized lipases using a solvent\u2010free system. A central composite design was employed to optimize the key process variables: molar ratio, temperature, and enzyme loading using Lipozyme 435 as the biocatalyst. Under optimal conditions (1:7 molar ratio, 80\u00b0C, 30% enzyme), a high geraniol conversion (72%) was achieved within 6 hr, as validated by a predictive model. The study also investigated the inhibitory effects of coproduced methanol, demonstrating that open\u2010reactor systems (enabling methanol evaporation) enhanced conversion (&gt;99% in 48 h) compared to closed systems. Additionally, substrate\u2010exposure experiments highlighted methyl benzoate's inhibitory effect on Lipozyme 435, reducing its activity by 54%, whereas Lipura Flex showed greater resilience. Reusability tests indicated a decline in enzyme performance, with Lipozyme 435 retaining 22% activity after five cycles. Cell tests demonstrated no cytotoxicity and proliferative effect at high concentrations. These findings highlight the potential of solvent\u2010free enzymatic processes for sustainable production of geranyl benzoate and provide insights into operational challenges, including methanol management and biocatalyst stability.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/open.202500476","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,12]],"date-time":"2026-02-12T12:51:47Z","timestamp":1770900707000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Development of a Sustainable Biocatalytic Process for Geranyl Benzoate Production Using Immobilized Lipase"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-1147-1450","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Domenico","family":"Meola","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemical, Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Sciences University of Ferrara  Ferrara Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-1217-4907","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chaimae","family":"Chaibi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemical, Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Sciences University of Ferrara  Ferrara Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Simona","family":"Aprile","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemical, Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Sciences University of Ferrara  Ferrara Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8932-919X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Karina","family":"Cesca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemical Engineering and Food Engineering Federal University of Santa Catarina  Florian\u00f3polis Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7544-5045","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Debora","family":"de Oliveira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemical Engineering and Food Engineering Federal University of Santa Catarina  Florian\u00f3polis Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ariela Veloso","family":"de Paula","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Bioprocess Engineering and Biotechnology S\u00e3o Paulo State University  Araraquara Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4502-6434","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francesco","family":"Presini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemical, Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Sciences University of Ferrara  Ferrara Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5852-2942","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Federico","family":"Zappaterra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemical, Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Sciences University of Ferrara  Ferrara Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7089-5466","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pier Paolo","family":"Giovannini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemical, Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Sciences University of Ferrara  Ferrara Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7411-8974","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lindomar Alberto","family":"Lerin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemical, Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Sciences University of Ferrara  Ferrara Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/C9CY00415G"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24065571"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/foods12163058"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/biotech14020025"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.focha.2022.100052"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.crbiot.2024.100231"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12934-025-02664-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"P. 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