{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,20]],"date-time":"2026-10-20T15:59:07Z","timestamp":1792511947731,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":119,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,22]],"date-time":"2026-05-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1779408000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,22]],"date-time":"2026-05-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1779408000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["chemistry-europe.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["ChemistryOpen"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    The widespread use of pharmaceutical compounds (PCs) has led to their extensive contamination in aquatic environments. Biochar, a carbon\u2010rich and porous material, offers a promising solution for the remediation of PCs, particularly when modified. Modification methods can be physical (ball milling, steam activation, and CO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    activation) or chemical (acid\/alkali treatment, oxidation, surface functionalization, metal impregnation, and nano structuring). These treatments enhance biochar's structural properties including pore size, pore volume, surface area, and surface functionality, thereby increasing its affinity for PCs and improving removal efficiency. Modified biochar enables multiple adsorption mechanisms, including pore diffusion, electrostatic interactions, hydrophobic effects, hydrogen bonding, and \u03c0\u2013\u03c0 interactions, which act synergistically to remove PCs from water. This review critically discusses various biochar modification techniques, their efficacies, and key parameters influencing their performance. It also highlights adsorption mechanisms, regeneration strategies, and the importance of biochar stability for economic and environmental feasibility. Additionally, life cycle and techno\u2010economic analyses are discussed to evaluate the financial and technical viability of using modified biochar for PCs' remediation. Finally, the review outlines the major challenges associated with modification techniques and provides insights into future research directions to enhance the removal of PCs from aqueous environments.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/open.70221","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,22]],"date-time":"2026-05-22T09:39:20Z","timestamp":1779442760000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Recent Advances on Application of Modified Biochar for the Removal of Pharmaceutical Compounds from Wastewater"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Ebrahim","family":"Tangestani","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Science and Engineering James Cook University  Townsville Queensland Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ravinder","family":"Kumar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Science and Engineering James Cook University  Townsville Queensland Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Catherine M.","family":"Miller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Medicine and Dentistry James Cook University  Cairns Queensland Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4246-7824","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elsa","family":"Antunes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Science and Engineering James Cook University  Townsville Queensland Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_15_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(14)70780-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1717295115"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2022.154656"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_5_1","volume-title":"Impacts of the COVID\u201019 Pandemic on Pharmaceuticals in Wastewater Treated for Beneficial Reuse: Two Case Studies in Central Pennsylvania","author":"Hayden K. R.","year":"2022"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_6_1","unstructured":"Australia D.o.H.a.A.C.b.S. 2023. Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme (PBS) Expenditure & Prescriptions Report 1 July 2022 to 30 June 2023."},{"key":"e_1_2_15_7_1","unstructured":"Venlafaxine accessed July 30 2013. June\u20102025 (2025) https:\/\/www.pbs.gov.au\/info\/statistics\/expenditure\u2010prescriptions\/expenditure\u2010prescriptions\u2010report\u20101\u2010."},{"key":"e_1_2_15_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.chemrev.8b00299"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.7b02918"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2019.02.072"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-818882-8.00009-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1166\/jnn.2015.10036"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10311-021-01194-y"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2023.108371"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2023.108379"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_16_1","first-page":"104251","volume-title":"Pharmaceuticals in the Environment","author":"Ghazal H.","year":"2023"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/etc.3339"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_18_1","unstructured":"U.Nations \u201cWhat Is Antimicrobial Resistance and why Is It a Growing Threat? \u201d accessed 2021 https:\/\/www.unep.org\/news\u2010and\u2010stories\/story\/what\u2010antimicrobial\u2010resistance\u2010and\u2010why\u2010it\u2010growing\u2010threat."},{"key":"e_1_2_15_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jgar.2021.08.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.glmedi.2024.100081"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2015.12.139"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-444-62657-8.00010-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/ie500114r"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biortech.2019.122664"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jece.2022.107592"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_26_1","article-title":"A Comprehensive Review on Green Materials as Adsorbents for the Remediation of Heavy Metals, Dyes, Antibiotics, Pesticides, and Microplastics From Water and Wastewater: An Overview","volume":"0","author":"Kumar A.","year":"2026","journal-title":"Chemical Product and Process Modeling"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2021.116448"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-015-4191-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s42247-023-00460-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2020.123460"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biortech.2020.123613"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biortech.2021.125698"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2020.128805"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2023.06.014"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_35_1","first-page":"361","article-title":"Removal of Antibiotics, Antibiotic Resistant Bacteria and Antibiotic Resistance Genes Using Boron\u2010Doped Banana Pseudo\u2010Stem Biochar Activated Peroxydisulfate: Performance and Mechanism Differences","author":"Wang L.","year":"2025","journal-title":"Separation and Purification Technology"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/su141610128"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s42768-022-00118-y"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2025.178743"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/joch\/4477822"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_40_1","first-page":"167","volume-title":"Environmental Contaminants","author":"Jayalakshmi K.","year":"2024"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2024.108639"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_42_1","first-page":"5","volume-title":"The ABCD of Clinical Pharmacokinetics","author":"Doogue M. P.","year":"2013"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_43_1","volume-title":"Drug Bioavailability","author":"Price G.","year":"2020"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-819869-8.00027-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2020.116371"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aquatox.2022.106082"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/etc.5769"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/toxics11020151"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_49_1","volume-title":"Pharmaceutical Pollution in the Environment: Issues for Australia","author":"Murdoch K.","year":"2015"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2008.11.059"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_51_1","volume-title":"Emerging Contaminants in Recycled Water","author":"Minna Saaristo S. S.","year":"2023"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2134\/jeq2014.01.0012"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2007.04.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2011.05.023"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/membranes13020158"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4324\/9781849770552"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_57_1","volume-title":"Reducing the Risk for Water Biota by Adsorption of Pharmaceuticals and Heavy Metals Using a Fixed\u2010Bed Column with a Novel Biochar","author":"Heidari M.","year":"2020"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2015.06.030"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.chas.4c00036"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_60_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2025.141274"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_61_1","first-page":"221","volume-title":"Biochar: Production, Characterization, and Applications","author":"Zhang M.","year":"2016"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_62_1","first-page":"169","volume-title":"Biochar From Biomass and Waste","author":"Tareq R.","year":"2019"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_63_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/9781119764403.ch4"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_64_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2025.139354"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_65_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biortech.2021.125811"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_66_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2015.02.046"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_67_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.iecr.3c02368"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_68_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2017.07.084"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_69_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s44246-022-00005-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_70_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10739149.2019.1708751"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_71_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biortech.2014.05.029"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_72_1","first-page":"217","article-title":"Removal of the Pharmaceutical Compounds From Wastewater by Biochar","author":"Aggarwal M.","year":"2022","journal-title":"BioChar: Applications for Bioremediation of Contaminated Systems"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_73_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jwpe.2023.103830"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_74_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jwpe.2025.107462"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_75_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biortech.2021.125561"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_76_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaap.2023.106242"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_77_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s13399-022-02832-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_78_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/pr12010199"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_79_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/C8RA03335H"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_80_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acsomega.4c03496"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_81_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/D1RA01130H"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_82_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molliq.2023.121257"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_83_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2166\/wpt.2022.129"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_84_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2022.133981"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_85_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2022.113951"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_86_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2022.135475"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_87_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biortech.2020.124264"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_88_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"266","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biortech.2017.08.178","article-title":"Modification of Biochar Derived From Sawdust and Its Application in Removal of Tetracycline and Copper From Aqueous Solution: Adsorption Mechanism and Modelling","volume":"245","author":"Zhou Y.","year":"2017","journal-title":"Bioresour Technol"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_89_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biortech.2019.121951"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_90_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2022.112929"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_91_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acsestengg.4c00393"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_92_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2023.131314"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_93_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2022.135264"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_94_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41545-022-00172-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_95_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2019.136079"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_96_1","first-page":"266","article-title":"Functional CoFe2O4\u2010Modified Biochar Derived From Banana Pseudostem as an Efficient Adsorbent for the Removal of Amoxicillin From Water","author":"Chakhtouna H.","year":"2021","journal-title":"Separation and Purification Technology"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_97_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scp.2021.100522"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_98_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2025.122967"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_99_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s42773-023-00225-x"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_100_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s44246-025-00213-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_101_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/w14091384"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_102_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fsoil.2025.1623083"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_103_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/00368504221148842"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_104_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2019.121470"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_105_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jwpe.2019.101022"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_106_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00128-020-02948-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_107_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2019.113809"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_108_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s13399-022-02832-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_109_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2022.131280"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_110_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envadv.2023.100446"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_111_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biortech.2023.129081"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_112_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2021.112912"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_113_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.langmuir.3c02885"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_114_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Adsorption and Removal Ability of Magnetic Pineapple Peel Biochar\u2010Based for Amoxicillin","author":"Haskan B. Y.","year":"2024","journal-title":"Journal of Dispersion Science and Technology"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_115_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.6b03239"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_116_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ma16176059"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_117_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acssusresmgt.5c00139"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_118_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psep.2018.06.015"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_119_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/en17184674"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_120_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.48130\/bchax-0025-0010"}],"container-title":["ChemistryOpen"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/chemistry-europe.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/open.70221","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/chemistry-europe.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1002\/open.70221","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/chemistry-europe.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/open.70221","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,19]],"date-time":"2026-06-19T07:13:42Z","timestamp":1781853222000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/chemistry-europe.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/open.70221"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,22]]},"references-count":119,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/open.70221"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/open.70221","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["2191-1363","2191-1363"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2191-1363","type":"print"},{"value":"2191-1363","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,22]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2026-02-10","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-04-21","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-05-22","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e70221"}}