{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,16]],"date-time":"2026-07-16T07:08:22Z","timestamp":1784185702123,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":78,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,13]],"date-time":"2026-07-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1783900800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":12,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782864000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001321","name":"NRF","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["SRUG2204082701"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SRUG2204082701"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001321","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["chemistry-europe.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["ChemistryOpen"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Forensic science depends on identifying biological fluid stains to maintain DNA for profiling and associating suspects with crime scenes. These stains can include urine and other secretions; however, presumptive and confirmatory tests often target specific fluids and might damage DNA because of destructive chemical processes. Traditional reagents like 4\u2010dimethylaminocinnamaldehyde (DMAC) allow for quick screening but have low specificity and sensitivity in complex crime scene matrices. Hence, there is a necessity for a universal, highly sensitive, and non\u2010destructive technique for the accurate analysis and differentiation of bodily fluids. In this study, we present an eco\u2010friendly technique for synthesizing silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) and gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) utilizing extracts from the stems of\n                    <jats:italic>Sclerocarya birrea<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>Moringa oleifera<\/jats:italic>\n                    as reducing and stabilizing agents in aqueous medium. These nanoparticles were employed as alternative materials for urine analysis at the crime scene. Various characterization techniques, including Fourier\u2010transform infrared spectroscopy, X\u2010ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and spectrophotometry, were used to analyse the nanoparticles. XRD results indicated a face\u2010centred cubic crystalline structure, while microscopy observations showed that the nanoparticles were mainly spherical, with some in hexagonal and polyhedral shapes. Fluorescence spectroscopy revealed that AgNPs and AuNPs significantly improved the excitation and emission signals of DMAC in urine analysis when compared to plant extracts alone. Furthermore, electrophoresis gel and nanophotometer analysis showed enhanced DNA recovery and less degradation after nanoparticle\u2010assisted urine testing. These results indicate that these nanoparticles function as non\u2010toxic signal enhancers and protective agents, thereby enhancing sensitivity, specificity, and DNA preservation in forensic analysis.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/open.70235","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,13]],"date-time":"2026-07-13T10:27:21Z","timestamp":1783938441000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Comparative Study of\n                    <i>Moringa<\/i>\n                    <i>oleifera<\/i>\n                    and\n                    <i>Sclerocarya birrea<\/i>\n                    Extracts in Forensic Urine Analysis"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Nare Leah","family":"Mojela","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemical Sciences Faculty of Science University of Johannesburg  Johannesburg South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eswaran","family":"Prabakaran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemical Sciences Faculty of Science University of Johannesburg  Johannesburg South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2134-7666","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kriveshini","family":"Pillay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemical Sciences Faculty of Science University of Johannesburg  Johannesburg South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8352-1431","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Phogothi Patrick","family":"Komane","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemical Sciences Faculty of Science University of Johannesburg  Johannesburg South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","unstructured":"B. C.Novelli \u201cA Review of Substances Reported to cause False Positives and Negatives in Forensic Blood Identification Tests \u201d (Master's thesis Boston University 2020) https:\/\/www.proquest.com\/dissertations\u2010theses\/review\u2010substances\u2010reported\u2010cause\u2010false\u2010positives\/docview\/2503956943\/se\u20102?accountid=48944."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.forc.2018.05.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598\u2010017\u201013725\u20101\u2010DOI:10.1038\/s41598\u2010017\u201013725\u20101"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/1348\u20109585.12265"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","unstructured":"M.Bigos Investigating the Use of SALIgAE to Identify Expirated Blood on Various Material 2021 https:\/\/digitalcommons.newhaven.edu\/honorstheses?utm_source=digitalcommons.newhaven.edu%2Fhonorstheses%2F6&utm_medium=PDF&utm_campaign=PDFCoverPages."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.analchem.7b04742"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2017.11.033"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aca.2017.12.016"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trac.2014.08.011"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scijus.2011.07.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.forc.2020.100247"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.saa.2022.120889"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acsanm.3c01247"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.17756\/jfcn.2022\u2010140\u2010DOI:10.17756\/jfcn.2022\u2010140"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5101\/nbe.v11i1.p28\u201034"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356\u2010022\u201021619\u20107"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/bio.3710"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2026.112913"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sciaf.2026.e03370"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_21_1","unstructured":"N. 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