{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T07:14:05Z","timestamp":1760080445628,"version":"3.40.5"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,4]],"date-time":"2020-11-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1604448000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001664","name":"Leibniz-Gemeinschaft","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["SAW\u20102012\u2010ZMT\u20104"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SAW\u20102012\u2010ZMT\u20104"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001664","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Obesity Science &amp;amp; Practice"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Research from Western populations describes abdominal obesity as a low\u2010grade inflammatory disease; less is known from tropical areas with high pathogen burden.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title><jats:p>This cross\u2010sectional study investigated whether obesity contributes to low\u2010grade inflammation in 587 individuals from randomly selected households in Zanzibar.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Materials and Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>The Association between obesity indices (body mass index [BMI], waist circumference [WC], and percentage body fat [%BF]), leptin, and inflammatory markers (C\u2010reactive protein [CRP], interleukin\u20106 [IL\u20106] and tumor\u2010necrosis factor\u2010\u03b1 [TNF\u2010\u03b1]) was investigated using multinomial logistic regression analysis, accounting for ordinal outcome variables with four categories; 1st\u20134th quartile.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Study participants were between 5 and 95 years; 49.6% were male. Mean serum levels were; leptin: 4.3 \u00b1 5.2 ng\/ml, CRP: 0.19 \u00b1 0.42 \u00b5g\/ml, IL\u20106: 2.8 \u00b1 5 pg\/ml, and TNF\u2010\u03b1: 5.3 \u00b1 5.2 pg\/ml. Obesity indices were associated with leptin and CRP in the third and fourth quartiles in single models. In combined models, associations were observed between BMI (OR = 6.36 [95% CI, 1.09; 34.12]); WC (OR = 4.87 [95% CI, 1.59; 14.94]); and %BF (OR = 19.23 [95% CI, 4.70; 78.66]) and leptin in the fourth quartile; also between %BF and CRP in the third quartile (OR = 3.49 [95% CI 1.31; 9.31]).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Total body fat was associated with low\u2010grade inflammation in this tropical population rather than body fat distribution such as abdominal obesity. This may increase the risk of insulin resistance and other obesity\u2010related metabolic and cardiovascular health endpoints.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/osp4.466","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,22]],"date-time":"2020-10-22T18:43:05Z","timestamp":1603392185000},"page":"71-81","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["The association between leptin and inflammatory markers with obesity indices in Zanzibari children, adolescents, and adults"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"7","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3073-3905","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria Adam","family":"Nyangasa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Leibniz Institute for Prevention Research and Epidemiology\u2014BIPS  Bremen Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Christoph","family":"Buck","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Leibniz Institute for Prevention Research and Epidemiology\u2014BIPS  Bremen Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Soerge","family":"Kelm","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Biomolecular Interactions Bremen Faculty for Biology and Chemistry University Bremen  Bremen Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mohammed Ali","family":"Sheikh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Environmental Analytical Chemistry and Eco\u2010toxicology Lab State University of Zanzibar  Zanzibar Tanzania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kathrin","family":"G\u00fcnther","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Leibniz Institute for Prevention Research and Epidemiology\u2014BIPS  Bremen Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Antje","family":"Hebestreit","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Leibniz Institute for Prevention Research and Epidemiology\u2014BIPS  Bremen Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nut.2012.07.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/83.2.461S"},{"issue":"8","key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","first-page":"577","article-title":"The association between inflammatory markers and obesity\u2010related factors in Tehranian adults: Tehran lipid and glucose study","volume":"17","author":"Faam B","year":"2014","journal-title":"Iran J Basic Med Sci"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M103241200"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nri2921"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.32553\/ijmbs.v3i3.163"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000345045"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/1596-3519.158524"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_9_10_1","first-page":"25","article-title":"Circulating adipokine levels in type 2 diabetes mellitus in Lagos, Nigeria","volume":"22","author":"Oshodi T","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nig Q J Hosp Med"},{"volume-title":"Zanzibar National NCD Risk Factor Survey 2011","year":"2011","author":"Ministry of Health Zanzibar","key":"e_1_2_9_11_1"},{"volume-title":"Tanzania Demographic and Health Survey 2010","year":"2011","author":"Tanzania National Bureau of Statistics (NBS) and ICF Macro","key":"e_1_2_9_12_1"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/resprot.6621"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph16091557"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_15_1","unstructured":"United Nations Educational Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO).International Standard Classification of Education. UNESCO Institute for statistics. H3C 3J7 Canada.2011."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(19)32472-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_17_1","series-title":"ISBN 978\u201092\u20105\u2010106749\u20109","volume-title":"Guidelines for Measuring Household and Individual Dietary Diversity","author":"Kennedy G","year":"2011"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2047-6310.2012.00064.x"},{"volume-title":"BMI for Age\u20145 to 19 Years (Z\u2010scores)","year":"2007","author":"World Health Organization (WHO)","key":"e_1_2_9_19_1"},{"volume-title":"The International Classification of Adult Underweight, Overweight and Obesity According to BMI","author":"World Health Organization (WHO)","key":"e_1_2_9_20_1"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ijo.2014.131"},{"volume-title":"The IDF Consensus Definition of the Metabolic Syndrome in Children and Adolescents","year":"2007","author":"International Diabetes Federation (IDF)","key":"e_1_2_9_22_1"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.ijo.0803232"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/72.3.694"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.111.026070"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_26_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"The double burden of malnutrition\u2014Case studies from six developing countries","volume":"84","author":"Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO)","year":"2006","journal-title":"FAO Food Nutr Pap"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2018-025397"},{"issue":"10","key":"e_1_2_9_28_1","first-page":"904","article-title":"Leptin concentrations in relation to overall adiposity and regional body fat distribution in Mexican Americans","volume":"20","author":"Haffner SM","year":"1996","journal-title":"Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12944-016-0264-x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/32911"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/obr.12003"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.282.22.2131"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/oby.2009.322"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1572-0241.2006.00724.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.ijo.0801723"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejim.2011.10.011"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3892\/etm.2014.1673"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2174\/13816128113199990016"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2018.01167"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2002-020135"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.86.3.1267"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12902-019-0407-y"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/2047-783X-15-S2-120"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpendo.2001.280.5.E745"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/030089160409000207"}],"container-title":["Obesity Science &amp; Practice"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/osp4.466","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1002\/osp4.466","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/osp4.466","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,2]],"date-time":"2023-09-02T08:49:40Z","timestamp":1693644580000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/osp4.466"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,4]]},"references-count":44,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,2]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/osp4.466"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/osp4.466","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["2055-2238","2055-2238"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"2055-2238"},{"type":"electronic","value":"2055-2238"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,4]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2020-06-07","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2020-10-20","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2020-11-04","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}