{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,15]],"date-time":"2026-04-15T16:30:51Z","timestamp":1776270651399,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,18]],"date-time":"2024-04-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1713398400000},"content-version":"am","delay-in-days":17,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,18]],"date-time":"2024-04-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1713398400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":17,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100006229","name":"Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100006229","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000005","name":"U.S. Department of Defense","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000005","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Obesity Science &amp;amp; Practice"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title><jats:p>The U.S. Army uses sex\u2010specific circumference\u2010based prediction equations to estimate percent body fat (%BF) to evaluate adherence to body composition standards. The equations are periodically evaluated to ensure that they continue to accurately assess %BF in a diverse population. The objective of this study was to develop and validate alternative field expedient equations that may improve upon the current Army Regulation (AR) body fat (%BF) equations.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Body size and composition were evaluated in a representatively sampled cohort of 1904 active\u2010duty Soldiers (1261 Males, 643 Females), using dual\u2010energy X\u2010ray absorptiometry (%BF<jats:sub>DXA<\/jats:sub>), and circumferences obtained with 3D imaging and manual measurements. Sex stratified linear prediction equations for %BF were constructed using internal cross validation with %BF<jats:sub>DXA<\/jats:sub> as the criterion measure. Prediction equations were evaluated for accuracy and precision using root mean squared error, bias, and intraclass correlations. Equations were externally validated in a convenient sample of 1073 Soldiers.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Three new equations were developed using one to three circumference sites. The predictive values of waist, abdomen, hip circumference, weight and height were evaluated. Changing from a 3\u2010site model to a 1\u2010site model had minimal impact on measurements of model accuracy and performance. Male\u2010specific equations demonstrated larger gains in accuracy, whereas female\u2010specific equations resulted in minor improvements in accuracy compared to existing AR equations. Equations performed similarly in the second external validation cohort.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>The equations developed improved upon the current AR equation while demonstrating robust and consistent results within an external population. The 1\u2010site waist circumference\u2010based equation utilized the abdominal measurement, which aligns with associated obesity related health outcomes. This could be used to identify individuals at risk for negative health outcomes for earlier intervention.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/osp4.747","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,19]],"date-time":"2024-04-19T05:40:28Z","timestamp":1713505228000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Development and cross\u2010validation of a circumference\u2010based predictive equation to estimate body fat in an active population"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7013-1848","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kathryn M.","family":"Taylor","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Military Performance Division US Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine  Natick Massachusetts USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Michael P.","family":"Castellani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Military Performance Division US Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine  Natick Massachusetts USA"},{"name":"Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education  Oak Ridge Tennessee USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"P. 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E.","family":"Oliver","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Military Performance Division US Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine  Natick Massachusetts USA"},{"name":"Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education  Oak Ridge Tennessee USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Holly L.","family":"McClung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Military Performance Division US Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine  Natick Massachusetts USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jand.2015.12.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7326\/m15\u20101181"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/oby.21659"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0194697"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7205\/milmed\u2010d\u201010\u201000003"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.shaw.2016.07.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.ijo.0802600"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_9_1","first-page":"747","article-title":"Comparisons between fat measurements by dual\u2010energy X\u2010ray absorptiometry, underwater weighing and magnetic resonance imaging in healthy women","volume":"50","author":"Tothill P","year":"1996","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0261\u20105614(95)80062\u2010x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00198\u2010008\u20100821\u2010x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejrad.2016.04.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/mco.0b013e32830b5f23"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12603\u2010014\u20100017\u20103"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1249\/00005768\u2010198023000\u201000009"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1079\/bjn19780152"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ptj\/67.6.917"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598\u2010022\u201019937\u20104"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.21236\/ADA143890"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_20_1","volume-title":"Department of Defense Headquarters","year":"2002"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_21_1","first-page":"43","volume-title":"Department of the Army Headquarters","year":"2013"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_22_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"National health and nutrition examination Survey, 2017\u2010March 2020 prepandemic file: sample design, estimation, and analytic guidelines","volume":"1","author":"Akinbami LJ","year":"2022","journal-title":"Vital Health Stat"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_23_1","volume-title":"Applied Multiple Regression\/Correlation Analysis for the Behavioral Sciences","author":"Cohen JCP","year":"2003"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_24_1","unstructured":"SoperD.A priori sample size calculator for Multiple Regression\u00a0[Software].https:\/\/www.danielsoper.com\/statcalc.2021."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2020.02.008"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/oby.2011.211"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.21236\/ADA370158"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/\/0033\u20102909.86.2.420"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/srep26672"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ypmed.2008.06.012"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2466\/pms.110.c.1053\u20101058"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_32_1","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Waist Circumference and Waist\u2010Hip Ratio: Report of a WHO Expert Consultation","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2008"}],"container-title":["Obesity Science &amp; 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