{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,10]],"date-time":"2026-07-10T03:47:48Z","timestamp":1783655268959,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,29]],"date-time":"2024-08-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1724889600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":59,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["aao-hnsfjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["OTO Open"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title><jats:p>This scoping review aims to contribute a descriptive analysis of the craniomaxillofacial trauma (CMF trauma) literature in low\u2010 and middle\u2010income countries (LMICs) to identify knowledge gaps, direct future research, and inform policy.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Data Sources<\/jats:title><jats:p>PubMed\/MEDLINE, Cochrane Review, EMBASE, <jats:ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" xlink:href=\"http:\/\/ClinicalTrials.gov\">ClinicalTrials.gov<\/jats:ext-link>, and Google Scholar from January 1, 2012 to December 10, 2023.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Review Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta\u2010Analyses Extension for Scoping Reviews (PRISMA\u2010ScR) guided reporting, and the PRISMA flowchart documented database searches. Specific, predefined search terms and inclusion criteria were used for screening, and the Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (STROBE)\u00a0checklist was used for quality assessment. The search yielded 54 articles, with 13 meeting the inclusion criteria. Key findings were summarized and divided into 7 categories.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>There were 10,420 patients (7739 [74.3%] male, 2681 [25.7%] female) with a male\u2010to\u2010female ratio of 2.9:1. The mean peak age of incidence of CMF trauma was 30.8 years, ranging from 20 to 40 years. Road traffic accidents were the leading cause (60.4%), followed by assault (27.2%) and falls (12.2%). The most common injuries were soft tissue injury (31.7%), isolated mandibular fracture (22.8%), and isolated middle\u2010third of mandible fracture (18.1%). The most common treatments were closed reduction and immobilization (29.5%), conservative management (27.6%), and open reduction and internal fixation (19.6%). Most patients (77.8%) experienced a treatment delay due to a lack of fixation materials (54.8%) or surgeon unavailability (35.7%).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>CMF trauma remains a significant cause of global morbidity, yet there remains a lack of high\u2010quality, CMF trauma\u2010specific data in LMICs. Country\u2010specific investigations are required to enhance knowledge and inform novel interventions. Implementing policy change must be community\u2010specific and account for unique cultural barriers, attitudes, and behaviors to maximize patient care outcomes.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/oto2.70000","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,29]],"date-time":"2024-08-29T06:11:28Z","timestamp":1724911888000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["The State of Craniomaxillofacial Trauma Care in Low\u2010 and Middle\u2010Income Countries: A Scoping Review"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"8","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0184-127X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zachary","family":"Elwell","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology\u2013Head and Neck Surgery University of Arizona College of Medicine\u2014Tucson Tucson Arizona USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3002-7071","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Estephania","family":"Candelo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology\u2013Head and Neck Surgery Mayo Clinic Jacksonville Jacksonville Florida USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5206-1401","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tarika","family":"Srinivasan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology\u2013Head and Neck Surgery Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Harvard Medical School Boston Massachusetts USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sarah","family":"Nuss","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology\u2013Head and Neck Surgery Warren Alpert Medical School at Brown University Providence Rhode Island USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-7206-152X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nader","family":"Zalaquett","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology\u2013Head and Neck Surgery American University of Beirut Medical Center Beirut Lebanon"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8358-1872","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gratien","family":"Tuyishimire","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology\u2013Head and Neck Surgery Medical Business Company Hospital Kigali Rwanda"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5426-1420","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Isaie","family":"Ncogoza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology\u2013Head and Neck Surgery University Teaching Hospital of Kigali Kigali Rwanda"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Patrick Marc","family":"Jean\u2010Gilles","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology\u2013Head and Neck Surgery University Hospital of Port\u2010au\u2010Prince Port\u2010au\u2010Prince Haiti"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-4624-4779","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jacob Ndas","family":"Legbo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Facial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Otolaryngology\u2013Head and Neck Surgery Usmanu Danfodiyo University\/Teaching Hospital Sokoto Nigeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8658-8647","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Travis","family":"Tollefson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Facial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Otolaryngology\u2013Head and Neck Surgery University of California, Davis Sacramento California USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7786-7812","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David","family":"Shaye","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology\u2013Head and Neck Surgery Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Harvard Medical School Boston Massachusetts USA"},{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology\u2013Head and Neck Surgery University Teaching Hospital of Kigali Kigali Rwanda"},{"name":"Division of Facial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Otolaryngology\u2013Head and Neck Surgery Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Harvard Medical School Boston Massachusetts USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12874-018-0611-x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_1","unstructured":"Injuries and violence. 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