{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,19]],"date-time":"2026-09-19T01:09:54Z","timestamp":1789780194414,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,28]],"date-time":"2024-08-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1724803200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":58,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["aao-hnsfjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["OTO Open"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title><jats:p>The primary objective of this study is to review the clinical parameters associated with skull base osteomyelitis (SBO), with a secondary aim of studying their association with patient outcomes 1 and 6 months after treatment initiation.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Study Design<\/jats:title><jats:p>This is a single\u2010center restrospective observational study.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Setting<\/jats:title><jats:p>The study was conducted from January 2018 to December 2022 at the University Malaya Medical Center in Kuala Lumpur.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Patients aged over 15 years with a diagnosis of SBO were included in the study. Clinical parameters, investigations, and follow\u2010up records were recorded. The disease outcomes were analyzed at 1 and 6 months after treatment initiation using multivariable analyses.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>The study identified 31 patients with SBO, the majority of whom were elderly males with comorbidities such as diabetes and hypertension. Otalgia and otorrhea were the most common symptoms, and computed tomography\u00a0scans were used for diagnosis. <jats:italic>Pseudomonas aeruginosa<\/jats:italic> was the most commonly identified pathogen, and intravenous broad\u2010spectrum antimicrobials were used to treat all patients. Surgical intervention was required for 25% of patients, and underlying ischemic heart disease, anemia, and single nerve palsy were significantly associated with an unfavorable prognosis. Patients with higher body mass index\u00a0and elevated C\u2010reactive protein showed poorer outcomes after 1 and 6 months of treatment, respectively.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Early recognition, prompt treatment, better control of comorbidities, nutrition, and monitoring can improve SBO outcomes and reduce complications. Therefore, as the prevalence of SBO increases, diagnostic criteria or management guidelines should be established to guide the best clinical practice.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/oto2.70001","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,28]],"date-time":"2024-08-28T09:53:17Z","timestamp":1724838797000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Skull Base Osteomyelitis: A 5\u2010Year Review and Prognostic Outcome in a Single Tertiary Institution"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"8","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7625-9006","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Liew","family":"Yew Toong","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology Universiti Malaya  Kuala Lumpur 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