{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,25]],"date-time":"2026-05-25T16:06:05Z","timestamp":1779725165621,"version":"3.53.1"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,3]],"date-time":"2026-03-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772496000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":61,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["aao-hnsfjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["OTO Open"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Chatbots powered by large language models (LLMs) have recently emerged as prominent sources of information. However, their ability to propagate misinformation as well as information, particularly in specialized fields like audiology and otolaryngology, remains underexplored. This study aimed to evaluate the accuracy of 6 popular chatbots\u2014ChatGPT, Gemini, Claude, DeepSeek, Grok, and Mistral\u2014in response to questions framed around a range of unproven methods in audiological and otolaryngological care.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Study Design<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Cross\u2010sectional study.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Setting<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A set of 50 questions was developed based on common conversations between patients and clinicians. We then posed these questions to the chatbots.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We tested each chatbot 10 times to account for variable responses, producing a total of 3000 responses. The responses were compared with correct answers based on the general opinion of 11 professionals. The consistency of the responses was evaluated by Cohen's Kappa.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Most chatbot responses to the majority of questions were deemed accurate. Grok consistently performed best, where its answers aligned perfectly with the opinions of the experts. Deepseek exhibited the lowest accuracy, scoring 95.8%. Mistral exhibited the lowest consistency, scoring 0.96.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Although all the chatbots generally avoided endorsing unproven methods, some responses deviated from the expert consensus and could therefore be said to contribute to the spread of misinformation. The best performer among the group was Grok, which provided consistently accurate responses, showing it has the potential for clinical and educational use within audiology and otolaryngology.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/oto2.70204","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,8]],"date-time":"2026-03-08T22:14:39Z","timestamp":1773008079000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["How Easily Can AI Chatbots Spread Misinformation in Audiology and Otolaryngology?"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8404-0672","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"W. Wiktor","family":"Jedrzejczak","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Experimental Audiology World Hearing Center, Institute of Physiology and Pathology of Hearing Warsaw Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2122-7872","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Agata","family":"Szkie\u0142kowska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Audiology and Phoniatrics Clinic World Hearing Center, Institute of Physiology and Pathology of Hearing Warsaw Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4067-6043","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Danuta","family":"Raj\u2010Koziak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tinnitus Department World Hearing Center, Institute of Physiology and Pathology of Hearing Warsaw Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3737-5730","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"El\u017cbieta","family":"W\u0142odarczyk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rehabilitation Clinic World Hearing Center, Institute of Physiology and Pathology of Hearing Warsaw Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7141-9851","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Henryk","family":"Skar\u017cy\u0144ski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Otorhinolaryngosurgery Clinic World Hearing Center, Institute of Physiology and Pathology of Hearing Warsaw Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2860-5784","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Krzysztof","family":"Kochanek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Experimental Audiology World Hearing Center, Institute of Physiology and Pathology of Hearing Warsaw Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10462-024-10921-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/educsci13040410"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj-2023-078538"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"MalekiN PadmanabhanB DuttaK.AI hallucinations: a misnomer worth clarifying. In: 2024 IEEE Conference on Artificial Intelligence (CAI). IEEE; 2024:133\u2010138.doi:10.1109\/CAI59869.2024.00033","DOI":"10.1109\/CAI59869.2024.00033"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"J\u0119drzejczakWW PastuchaM Skar\u017cy\u0144skiH KochanekKComparison of ChatGPT and Gemini as sources of references in otorhinolaryngology.2024:2024.08.12.24311896.doi:10.1101\/2024.08.12.24311896","DOI":"10.1101\/2024.08.12.24311896"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s43019-024-00218-5"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","article-title":"Artificial hallucinations in ChatGPT: implications in scientific writing","volume":"15","author":"Alkaissi H","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"issue":"6","key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","first-page":"457","article-title":"Comparison of the audiological knowledge of three chatbots: ChatGPT, Bing Chat, and Bard","volume":"29","author":"Jedrzejczak WW","year":"2024","journal-title":"Audiol Neurotol"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/s24227126"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12070-024-04885-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.17430\/JHS.2021.11.3.2"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/s24051546"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/MAO.0000000000002440"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm14030875"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijmedinf.2024.105474"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.59857"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/2529310"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1121\/1.400897"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm14061983"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/end.2024.0474"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arthro.2024.07.040"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00266-024-04343-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.identj.2024.09.033"},{"issue":"5","key":"e_1_2_9_25_1","article-title":"Assessing the capability of large language models in naturopathy consultation","volume":"16","author":"Mondal H","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm13144013"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00405-024-08643-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/lary.31434"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ohn.818"}],"container-title":["OTO Open"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/aao-hnsfjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/oto2.70204","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/aao-hnsfjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1002\/oto2.70204","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/aao-hnsfjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/oto2.70204","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,25]],"date-time":"2026-05-25T15:57:47Z","timestamp":1779724667000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/aao-hnsfjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/oto2.70204"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"references-count":28,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/oto2.70204"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/oto2.70204","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["2473-974X","2473-974X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2473-974X","type":"print"},{"value":"2473-974X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2025-04-29","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-01-15","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-03-03","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e70204"}}