{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]],"date-time":"2026-08-26T16:34:11Z","timestamp":1787762051916,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,19]],"date-time":"2026-06-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1781827200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":79,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]],"date-time":"2026-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775001600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["aao-hnsfjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["OTO Open"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To evaluate the face and content validity of a novel, 3D\u2010printed nasotracheoscopy simulator with a motorized, moving larynx using expert feedback from board\u2010certified otolaryngologists.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Study Design<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Device development and validation study.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Setting<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>An academic institution.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>An anatomically accurate airway model was created from a de\u2010identified normal patient CT scan using open\u2010source segmentation software. Negative impressions of the turbinates and nasopharynx were 3D printed in PLA and cast in silicone for realistic soft tissue. A custom\u2010coded Arduino\u2010controlled servo motor was integrated to simulate laryngeal motion. Ten board\u2010certified otolaryngologists performed flexible nasotracheoscopy on the model and completed a survey assessing face validity, content validity, and general impressions using a 5\u2010point Likert scale. Descriptive statistics summarized responses.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The simulator received high scores for face validity (mean 4.6, SD 0.67), content validity (mean 4.8, SD 0.40), and general impressions (mean 4.83, SD 0.42). All participants agreed that the model accurately represented anatomical landmarks and held educational value. Feedback emphasized its utility for telescopic navigation and anatomical recognition training.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This 3D\u2010printed simulator demonstrated strong validity and realism. Its anatomical accuracy, dynamic features, and reproducibility support its use as a training adjunct in procedural training. Future studies will assess its effect on learner performance.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/oto2.70269","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,19]],"date-time":"2026-06-19T08:30:08Z","timestamp":1781857808000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["An Open\u2010Source, Three\u2010Dimensionally Printed, Motorized (\u201cBreathing\u201d) Nasotracheoscopy Simulator"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-1688-3055","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anthony M.","family":"Saad","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology\u2013Head and Neck Surgery Rutgers New Jersey Medical School  Newark New Jersey USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Herz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology\u2013Head and Neck Surgery Rutgers New Jersey Medical School  Newark New Jersey USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mal","family":"Mehari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology\u2013Head and Neck Surgery Rutgers New Jersey Medical School  Newark New Jersey USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrey","family":"Filimonov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology\u2013Head and Neck Surgery Rutgers New Jersey Medical School  Newark New Jersey USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kenneth","family":"Yan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology\u2013Head and Neck Surgery Rutgers New Jersey Medical School  Newark New Jersey USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rachel","family":"Kaye","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology\u2013Head and Neck Surgery Rutgers New Jersey Medical School  Newark New Jersey USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.otohns.2009.11.023"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bjorl.2021.09.010"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/oto2.70098"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0194599811430187"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/lary.28952"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12871-017-0387-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00595-016-1455-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsurg.2016.09.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.17245\/jdapm.2017.17.4.297"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2008.05.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/lary.21134"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_13_1","unstructured":"Embodi3D Home Biomedical 3D Printing \u2010 embodi3D.com. Accessed July 25 2025.https:\/\/www.embodi3d.com\/"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jss.2020.02.008"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/bja\/aer160"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_2_8_16_1","first-page":"E612","article-title":"Simulation\u2010based airway management training for anesthesiologists\u2014a brief review of its essential role in skills training for clinical competency","volume":"19","author":"Komasawa N","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Educ Perioper Med"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/PEC.0000000000000603"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tacc.2022.01.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10903129708958822"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/lary.26326"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2019.02.012"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.21467\/jmsm.5.1.1-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.17245\/jdapm.2020.20.5.293"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/bja\/88.3.338"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/ALN.0b013e31818d6c3c"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/bja\/aeq005"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/lary.23855"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0310057X20976655"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvoice.2020.07.020"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/joor.12312"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-003-1007-2"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_8_32_1","first-page":"134","article-title":"Laryngeal mobility and dysphagia","volume":"34","author":"Bretan O","year":"1997","journal-title":"Arq Gastroenterol"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.150.3.8087344"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0892-1997(98)80035-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0892-1997(01)00040-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7793.1998.307bf.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2020.587524"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4300\/JGME-D-12-00019.1"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0194599816674658"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/bja\/aep241"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/SIH.0000000000000117"}],"container-title":["OTO Open"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/aao-hnsfjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/oto2.70269","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/aao-hnsfjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1002\/oto2.70269","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/aao-hnsfjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/oto2.70269","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]],"date-time":"2026-08-26T16:11:31Z","timestamp":1787760691000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/aao-hnsfjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/oto2.70269"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,4]]},"references-count":40,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,4]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/oto2.70269"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/oto2.70269","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["2473-974X","2473-974X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2473-974X","type":"print"},{"value":"2473-974X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,4]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2025-11-27","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-05-07","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-06-19","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e70269"}}