{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T12:57:45Z","timestamp":1791291465349,"version":"4.3.0"},"reference-count":16,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1791244800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":5,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790812800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["aao-hnsfjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["OTO Open"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Emergency cricothyroidotomy is a rare procedure utilized in the setting of patients who cannot be oxygenated or intubated. To enhance training in this critical skill, we developed and validated an immersive, high\u2010fidelity task trainer that integrates a 3D\u2010printed airway model with a porcine soft\u2010tissue layer, and we assessed its impact during simulation\u2010based training sessions.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Study Design<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Observational.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Setting<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Single institution (16 otolaryngology and 30 emergency medicine trainees).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Our trainer consisted of an accurate 3D\u2010printed airway model and neck incorporating anatomical structures and a biological soft\u2010tissue layer. A survey was administered before and after the simulation. The simulations were completed individually in a case\u2010based scenario with vital signs monitors and supporting actors responding to the participant's management decisions. The participants debriefed with otolaryngology faculty. Differences among post graduate year were analyzed using analysis of variance (ANOVA) and two\u2010tailed\n                      <jats:italic>t<\/jats:italic>\n                      tests.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Confidence regarding airway anatomy, management, and cricothyrotomy performance increased significantly after the simulation (\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u2009.00001). Across all training levels, simulation elements such as adaptive vital signs and use of biological skin on the task trainer were rated highly, scoring an average of 8.7 and 9.7 out of 10, respectively. Participants rated the composite model, on average, 9.1 out of 10 on the post\u2010simulation survey.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>High\u2010quality simulation is essential for developing competence in cricothyrotomy, a procedure that is infrequent yet critical. The task trainer and simulation session described here provide a realistic, reproducible, and highly rated method for trainees to gain the skills and confidence necessary to perform emergent cricothyrotomy.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/oto2.70300","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T12:20:59Z","timestamp":1791289259000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["From Model to Mastery: High\u2010Fidelity Cricothyrotomy Simulation With a 3D\u2010Printed and Biological Tissue Model"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1498-3741","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lauren E.","family":"Schlegel","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Sidney Kimmel Medical College Thomas Jefferson University Philadelphia Pennsylvania USA"},{"name":"The Health Design Lab Thomas Jefferson University Philadelphia Pennsylvania USA"},{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology\u2013Head and Neck Surgery Harvard Medical School Boston Massachusetts USA"},{"name":"Division of Otolaryngology, Department of Surgery Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center Boston Massachusetts USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sruti","family":"Tekumalla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sidney Kimmel Medical College Thomas Jefferson University Philadelphia Pennsylvania USA"},{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology\u2013Head and Neck Surgery Thomas Jefferson Hospital Philadelphia Pennsylvania USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sara","family":"Belko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sidney Kimmel Medical College Thomas Jefferson University Philadelphia Pennsylvania USA"},{"name":"The Health Design Lab Thomas Jefferson University Philadelphia Pennsylvania USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aarti","family":"Agarwal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology\u2013Head and Neck Surgery Thomas Jefferson Hospital Philadelphia Pennsylvania USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eva","family":"Varotsis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sidney Kimmel Medical College Thomas Jefferson University Philadelphia Pennsylvania USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julianna","family":"Rodin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology\u2013Head and Neck Surgery Thomas Jefferson Hospital Philadelphia Pennsylvania USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert","family":"Pugliese","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Health Design Lab Thomas Jefferson University Philadelphia Pennsylvania USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Morgan","family":"Hutchinson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Emergency Medicine Thomas Jefferson Hospital Philadelphia Pennsylvania USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Richard","family":"Goldman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology\u2013Head and Neck Surgery Thomas Jefferson Hospital Philadelphia Pennsylvania USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]]},"reference":[{"issue":"6","key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1333","DOI":"10.1016\/j.otc.2011.08.009","article-title":"Training and simulation in otolaryngology","volume":"44","author":"Wiet GJ","year":"2011","journal-title":"Otolaryngol Clin North Am"},{"issue":"6","key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1237","DOI":"10.1016\/j.otc.2007.07.005","article-title":"Assessment of surgical competency","volume":"40","author":"Tsue TT","year":"2007","journal-title":"Otolaryngol Clin North Am"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1097\/MOO.0b013e32814b0802","article-title":"The role of virtual reality in surgical training in otorhinolaryngology","volume":"15","author":"Fried MP","year":"2007","journal-title":"Curr Opin Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1080\/01421590500126718","article-title":"Simulation based medical education","volume":"27","author":"Ziv A","year":"2005","journal-title":"Med Teach"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","first-page":"12","article-title":"Validity and fidelity of the upper airway in two high\u2010fidelity patient simulators","volume":"81","author":"Schebesta K","year":"2015","journal-title":"Minerva Anestesiol"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"426","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jemermed.2018.12.023","article-title":"The REAL CRIC trainer: instructions for building an inexpensive, realistic cricothyrotomy simulator with skin and tissue, bleeding, and flash of air","volume":"56","author":"Kei J","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Emerg Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_2_8_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"658","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsurg.2014.12.012","article-title":"Every surgical resident should know how to perform a cricothyrotomy: an inexpensive cricothyrotomy task trainer for teaching and assessing surgical trainees","volume":"72","author":"Aho JM","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Surg Educ"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"957","DOI":"10.1016\/S0736-4679(99)00123-7","article-title":"Comparison of wire\u2010guided cricothyrotomy versus standard surgical cricothyrotomy technique","volume":"17","author":"Chan TC","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Emerg Med"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"442","DOI":"10.1016\/S0196-0644(98)70173-8","article-title":"Comparison of 2 cricothyrotomy techniques: standard method versus rapid 4\u2010step technique","volume":"32","author":"Holmes JF","year":"1998","journal-title":"Ann Emerg Med"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resuscitation.2008.10.023","article-title":"Emergency cricothyrotomy\u2014a comparative study of different techniques in human cadavers","volume":"80","author":"Schober P","year":"2009","journal-title":"Resuscitation"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"666","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1553-2712.2010.00753.x","article-title":"Cricothyrotomy technique using gum elastic bougie is faster than standard technique: a study of emergency medicine residents and medical students in an animal lab","volume":"17","author":"Hill C","year":"2010","journal-title":"Acad Emerg Med"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/1757-7241-21-59","article-title":"Comparison of a percutaneous device and the bougie\u2010assisted surgical technique for emergency cricothyrotomy: an experimental study on a porcine model performed by air ambulance anaesthesiologists","volume":"21","author":"Nakstad AR","year":"2013","journal-title":"Scand J Trauma Resusc Emerg Med"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wem.2020.05.003","article-title":"Developing cricothyroidotomy skills using a biomaterial\u2010covered model","volume":"31","author":"Ozkaya Senuren C","year":"2020","journal-title":"Wilderness Environ Med"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"582","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2021.09.015","article-title":"Emergency cricothyrotomy in morbid obesity: comparing the bougie\u2010guided and traditional techniques in a live animal model","volume":"50","author":"Driver BE","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am J Emerg Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_8_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/tsaco-2019-000431","article-title":"Comparison of surgical cricothyroidotomy training: a randomized controlled trial of a swine model versus an animated robotic manikin model","volume":"5","author":"Pandian V","year":"2020","journal-title":"Trauma Surg Acute Care Open"},{"issue":"9","key":"e_1_2_8_17_1","article-title":"Evaluation of an innovative bleeding cricothyrotomy model","volume":"10","author":"Hughes KE","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cureus"}],"container-title":["OTO 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