{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,21]],"date-time":"2026-05-21T13:48:40Z","timestamp":1779371320131,"version":"3.53.1"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,19]],"date-time":"2026-04-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1776556800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":77,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,1]],"date-time":"2026-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769904000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100013400","name":"American Academy of Optometry Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100013400","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100029845","name":"William G. and Helen C. Hoffman Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100029845","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["OVS"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The balance of responses between the ON and OFF pathways is believed to play an important role in myopia. This pilot study compared the difference in visual acuity under two contrast polarities between myopic children (corrected and uncorrected) and emmetropic children.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Two groups of children aged 8\u201312\u00a0years were enrolled: a myopic group (spherical equivalent [SEQ] between \u22120.75\u00a0D and \u22126.00\u00a0D,\n                      <jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0=\u00a011) and a normal control group (\n                      <jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0=\u00a016). Visual acuities were measured using an Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study program, which presented either white letters against a black background or black letters against a white background. Visual acuity (corrected and uncorrected for the myopic group) under both polarities was tested in randomized order and repeated after a 30\u2010min interval. Visual acuities were reported as letter scores. The ON\/OFF ratios of visual acuity scores under the two polarity conditions were calculated and correlated with SEQ.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      When\u00a0uncorrected, white\u2010letter visual acuity was significantly better than black\u2010letter visual acuity (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0&lt;\u00a00.001) for the myopic group, with a difference of 6 letters (equivalent to 0.12 logMAR). No significant differences in visual acuity scores between the two polarities were found when the myopic group was corrected or in the control group. This suggests that uncorrected myopic eyes have greater difficulty in resolving the spatial resolution of black letters as compared to white letters. The ON\/OFF ratio in the uncorrected myopic group was significantly higher than in the corrected myopic group and the control group (1.14\u00a0\u00b1\u00a00.09 vs. 0.99\u00a0\u00b1\u00a00.04, 1.00\u00a0\u00b1\u00a00.03,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0&lt;\u00a00.001). When uncorrected, the ON\/OFF ratio correlated with SEQ (\n                      <jats:italic>R<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0=\u00a00.38,\n                      <jats:italic>t<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0=\u00a0\u22122.4,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0=\u00a00.02), indicating that the ON\/OFF imbalance increases with the magnitude of uncorrected myopic blur.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Children with uncorrected myopic eyes had more difficulty in recognizing black letters compared to white letters, and the ON\/OFF imbalance was correlated with the magnitude of uncorrected myopic blur.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/ovs2.70014","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,20]],"date-time":"2026-04-20T03:05:29Z","timestamp":1776654329000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Uncorrected myopia affects the visual acuity of OFF\u2010pathway more than ON\u2010pathway"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"103","author":[{"given":"Xiaotong","family":"Chen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"State University of New York College of Optometry  New York New York USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yi","family":"Pang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Illinois College of Optometry  Chicago Illinois USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zi Rui","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State University of New York College of Optometry  New York New York USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marilyn","family":"Vricella","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State University of New York College of Optometry  New York New York USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniella","family":"Rutner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State University of New York College of Optometry  New York New York USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaoying","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State University of New York College of Optometry  New York New York USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jose\u2010Manuel","family":"Alonso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State University of New York College of Optometry  New York New York USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jingyun","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State University of New York College of Optometry  New York New York USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2016.01.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm12186062"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0268800"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0088306"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2471\/blt.12.104034"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Visual acuity measurement standard","author":"International Council of Ophthalmology Visual Functions Committee","year":"1988","journal-title":"Ital J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/cxo.12086"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/jneurosci.3215\u201018.2019"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/jneurosci.1487\u201023.2023"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.07\u20100643"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1962.sp006837"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2021.108692"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/jneurosci.1672\u201022.2022"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/jneurosci.23\u201007\u201002645.2003"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/jneurosci.2946\u201020.2021"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/jneurosci.22\u201007\u201002737.2002"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1167\/17.14.5"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1310442111"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0042\u20106989(91)90150\u20104"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598\u2010018\u201028904\u2010x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.05\u20101377"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isci.2025.112500"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature17936"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/322824a0"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.66.9.29"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2003.08.016"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0002\u20109394(02)01825\u20101"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1167\/jov.23.4.3"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2014.02.020"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nn2029"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.66.2.66"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.visres.2015.03.010"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.62.13.5"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1167\/tvst.11.4.17"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00001756\u2010200206120\u201000010"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00001756\u2010200307010\u201000009"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0042\u20106989(91)90057\u2010c"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00417\u2010012\u20102006\u20108"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00006324\u2010200311000\u201000010"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/opx.0000000000001630"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00006324\u2010200311000\u201000011"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1966.sp008056"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/opo.12031"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/cxo.13033"}],"container-title":["Optometry and Vision Science"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/ovs2.70014","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1002\/ovs2.70014","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/ovs2.70014","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,30]],"date-time":"2026-04-30T16:09:44Z","timestamp":1777565384000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/ovs2.70014"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,2]]},"references-count":44,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,2]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/ovs2.70014"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ovs2.70014","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1040-5488","1538-9235"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1040-5488","type":"print"},{"value":"1538-9235","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,2]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2025-07-15","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-10-29","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-04-19","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e70014"}}