{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,21]],"date-time":"2026-05-21T13:48:38Z","timestamp":1779371318598,"version":"3.53.1"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,8]],"date-time":"2026-04-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775606400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":66,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,1]],"date-time":"2026-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769904000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["OVS"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To explore various service delivery models available for pediatric refraction and spectacle\u2010dispensing in India and UK.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A scoping review was conducted following Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta\u2010analyses extension for Scoping Review guidelines that included published literature (2010\u20132024) from MEDLINE (PubMed) and Cochrane Library, reports from government websites, annual reports of nongovernmental organizations, and private eyecare providers. Primary reports on refraction or spectacle\u2010dispensing for children less than 18\u00a0years were included. Data related to the \u201c5 Ps\u201d influencing service delivery, namely, \u201cPresence\u201d (availability of refraction services), \u201cProcurement\u201d (availability of spectacle\u2010dispensing), \u201cPersonnel,\u201d clinical \u201cProtocol,\u201d and \u201cPrice\u201d involved in the services, were qualitatively synthesized.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>From 1999 published articles screened by title and abstracts, 187 underwent full\u2010text screening, and 60 were included in the review. Evidence also included 22 government reports, 13 annual reports, and 68 websites. A total of 13 and 9 pediatric eyecare service delivery models were identified in India and UK, respectively, and broadly categorized into community outreach, optical\/optometry practices, hospitals\/clinics, and online services. \u201cPresence\u201d and \u201cProcurement\u201d were evident in all models in India, whereas in UK, these were evident only in the optical\/optometry practices and hospitals following referral from community outreach. \u201cPersonnel\u201d included refractionists, ophthalmic assistants\/vision\u2010technicians, optometrists, opticians, or ophthalmologists in India, and orthoptists, optometrists, dispensing\u2010opticians, or ophthalmologists with distinct regulatory roles in the UK. \u201cProtocol\u201d varied in community outreach in both countries. \u201cPrice\u201d was free of charge at the point of delivery to patients through community outreach in India and all models in the UK, except online services. Evidence gaps exist under \u201cPersonnel,\u201d \u201cPrice\u201d in optical\/optometry practices in India, and \u201cProtocol\u201d in all models except community\u2010outreach in both countries.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This review highlights four broad models for pediatric refraction and spectacle\u2010dispensing with varied \u201cPersonnel,\u201d \u201cProtocol,\u201d and \u201cPrice\u201d in both countries, identifying evidence gaps, benefits, and challenges to inform future research and global efforts to improve child eye care.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/ovs2.70016","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,9]],"date-time":"2026-04-09T03:54:50Z","timestamp":1775706890000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Exploring eye care service delivery models for pediatric refraction and spectacle\u2010dispensing in India and the United Kingdom: A scoping review"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"103","author":[{"given":"Kalaiyarasi","family":"Dhandapani","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Elite School of Optometry Unit of Medical Research Foundation  Chennai India"},{"name":"SASTRA Deemed University  Thanjavur India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Swetha","family":"Saravanan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Elite School of Optometry Unit of Medical Research Foundation  Chennai India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Subash","family":"Sukumar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust Manchester Royal Eye Hospital  Manchester UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3050-9572","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anuradha","family":"Narayanan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Elite School of Optometry Unit of Medical Research Foundation  Chennai India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","first-page":"6","article-title":"WHO SPECS 2030\u2014a global initiative to strengthen refractive error care","volume":"37","author":"Keel S","year":"2024","journal-title":"Community Eye Health"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214\u2010109X(21)00212\u20106"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s2214\u2010109x(25)00194\u20109"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","volume-title":"Spectacle coverage report","author":"International Agency for the Prevention of Blindness (IAPB)","year":"2017"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/09286586.2013.783082"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0175353"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","unstructured":"World Health Organization (WHO).World report on vision.2019.https:\/\/www.who.int\/docs\/default\u2010source\/documents\/publications\/world\u2010vision\u2010report\u2010accessible.pdf. 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