{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,21]],"date-time":"2026-05-21T13:48:39Z","timestamp":1779371319741,"version":"3.53.1"},"reference-count":69,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,2]],"date-time":"2026-04-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775088000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":60,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,1]],"date-time":"2026-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769904000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["OVS"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Uncorrected, moderate hyperopia has been associated with poor emergent literacy skills. However, the eye movements of preschoolers have not yet been used to determine how well young, hyperopic children attend to text and pictures during storybook reading compared to emmetropic children. In this study, the percentage of visual on\u2010task time during storybook reading for 4\u2010 and 5\u2010year\u2010old children with uncorrected, moderate hyperopia was compared to that of their emmetropic peers. The relationship between percentage visual on\u2010task time and near visual function was also assessed.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Children received an eye exam with cycloplegic refraction to identify hyperopia (+3.00D to +6.00D with astigmatism \u22641.50D and anisometropia \u22641.00D) or emmetropia (hyperopia \u22641.0D; astigmatism, anisometropia, and myopia&lt;|1.0|D) and to rule out amblyopia, strabismus, and ocular health concerns. Infrared video eye tracking systems were used to monitor eye position during storybook reading. Fixations were \u201con\u2010task\u201d if the child was looking at text or a picture in the story. Statistical comparisons of percentage visual on\u2010task time between the emmetropic and hyperopic children were performed, and correlations between the percentage visual on\u2010task time and the participants' near visual skills (visual acuity, stereoacuity, accommodative lag) were determined.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Fifty\u2010five of 72 eligible children provided analyzable data. The average percentage visual on\u2010task time for hyperopic children was 20% less than that of emmetropic children (Mann\u2013Whitney\n                      <jats:italic>U<\/jats:italic>\n                      test,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0=\u00a00.02). Further, for all children combined, the percentage visual on\u2010task time was moderately correlated with accommodative lag (Spearman,\n                      <jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0=\u00a0\u22120.32,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0=\u00a00.02) while there was no significant correlation between percentage visual on\u2010task time and near acuity or near stereoacuity (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0&gt;\u00a00.05).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Moderately hyperopic, uncorrected 4\u2010 and 5\u2010year\u2010old children showed a significantly lower percentage of visual on\u2010task time during shared storybook reading compared to their emmetropic peers. The percentage on\u2010task time was moderately correlated with increased accommodative lag for the combined group of emmetropic and hyperopic children.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/ovs2.70030","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,2]],"date-time":"2026-04-02T21:25:22Z","timestamp":1775165122000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Attention to text and pictures during storybook reading in preschool children with moderate hyperopia"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"103","author":[{"given":"Tamara S.","family":"Oechslin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Optometry and Vision Science University of Alabama at Birmingham School of Optometry  Birmingham Alabama USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nick","family":"Fogt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Ohio State University College of Optometry  Columbus Ohio USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elise","family":"Ciner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pennsylvania College of Optometry at Drexel University  Elkins Park Pennsylvania USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"T. Rowan","family":"Candy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Optometry Indiana University  Bloomington Indiana USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marjean Taylor","family":"Kulp","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Ohio State University College of Optometry  Columbus Ohio USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2007.04.061"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2016.09.010"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","first-page":"8922","article-title":"Refractive error among urban preschool children in Xuzhou, China","volume":"7","author":"Wang X","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int J Clin Exp Pathol"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2019.02.021"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/01658100701486822"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2008.12.030"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2009.06.009"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","first-page":"44","article-title":"Refractive error and the reading process: a literature analysis","volume":"57","author":"Grisham JD","year":"1986","journal-title":"J Am Optom Assoc"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1076\/stra.10.3.187.8125"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_11_1","first-page":"69","article-title":"Hyperopia, accommodative dysfunction and reading","volume":"19","author":"Simons K","year":"2004","journal-title":"Binocul Vis Strabismus Q"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/adc.2003.046755"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_13_1","volume-title":"Optometric clinical practice guideline: care of the patient with learning related vision problems","author":"Garzia RP","year":"2008"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archophthalmol.2007.36"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/opx.0000000000000485"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/opx.0000000000001123"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/apo.0000000000000492"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00006324\u2010198707000\u201000008"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00006324\u2010198908000\u201000006"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/opx.0b013e318031b08a"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/opx.0000000000000206"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.18\u201025256"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.09\u20103653"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_24_1","volume-title":"Clinical management of binocular vision: heterophoric, accommodative, and eye movement disorders","author":"Scheiman M","year":"2020"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.OPX.0000147681.94971.28"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.11\u20108174"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/opo.12810"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598\u2010023\u201041244\u20109"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1475\u20101313.1986.tb01135.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1475\u20101313.1999.00409.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/opx.0b013e318031b079"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaapos.2011.10.015"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2015.11.023"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/opx.0b013e318157a67a"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/apo.0000000000000483"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1087054709332473"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_37_1","first-page":"132","article-title":"The influence of visual attention and automaticity on the diagnosis and treatment of clinical oculomotor, accommodative and vergence dysfunctions","volume":"30","author":"Richman JE","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Optom Vis Dev"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0165025412450527"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.visres.2012.04.017"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467\u20109280.2005.01636.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467\u20109817.2005.00267.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0012\u20101649.44.3.855"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10936\u2010017\u20109515\u2010x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bandc.2020.105596"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2016.07.017"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00006324\u2010200404000\u201000009"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2004.04.032"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/opx.0000000000000165"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/OPX.0b013e318197180c"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_50_1","first-page":"218","article-title":"Eye tracking observers during color image evaluation tasks","volume":"5007","author":"Babcock J","year":"2003","journal-title":"Proc SPIE\u2010Int Soc Opt Eng"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/opx.0000000000000148"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_52_1","volume-title":"Spot bakes a cake","author":"Hill E","year":"1994"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_53_1","volume-title":"Spot\u2019s first walk","author":"Hill E","year":"1994"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_54_1","volume-title":"Movements of the eyes","author":"Carpenter R","year":"1988"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0033\u20102909.124.3.372"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_56_1","volume-title":"Statistics without maths for psychology","author":"Dancey CP","year":"2007"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2008.09.012"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11145\u2010007\u20109059\u20109"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00006324\u2010199504000\u201000002"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_60_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/opx.0b013e3181ae1b7c"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_61_1","first-page":"137","volume-title":"Clinical studies in reading. II: with emphasis on vision problems","author":"Eames TH","year":"1953"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_62_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.62.4.6"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_63_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0002\u20109394(55)91283\u20106"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_64_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00006324\u2010197005000\u201000003"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_65_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469\u20108749.1985.tb04575.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_66_1","first-page":"648","article-title":"The relationship between moderate hyperopia and academic achievement: how much plus is enough?","volume":"68","author":"Rosner J","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Am Optom Assoc"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_67_1","first-page":"426","article-title":"Results from a pediatric vision screening and its ability to predict academic performance","volume":"71","author":"Krumholtz I","year":"2000","journal-title":"Optometry"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_68_1","first-page":"48","volume-title":"Test of preschool early literacy examiner\u2019s manual","author":"Lonigan CJ","year":"2007"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_69_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.childyouth.2023.106812"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_70_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/opx.0000000000000779"}],"container-title":["Optometry and Vision Science"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/ovs2.70030","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1002\/ovs2.70030","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/ovs2.70030","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,30]],"date-time":"2026-04-30T16:09:22Z","timestamp":1777565362000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/ovs2.70030"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,2]]},"references-count":69,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,2]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/ovs2.70030"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ovs2.70030","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1040-5488","1538-9235"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1040-5488","type":"print"},{"value":"1538-9235","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,2]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2025-07-15","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-12-22","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-04-02","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e70030"}}