{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,2]],"date-time":"2026-06-02T02:03:02Z","timestamp":1780365782593,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]],"date-time":"2026-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780272000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":31,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1777593600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["OVS"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To investigate whether early changes in choroidal thickness predict long\u2010term treatment response to peripheral defocus spectacles in premyopic children with insufficient hyperopic reserve.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Two hundred children aged 6\u20138\u00a0years with cycloplegic spherical equivalent refraction +0.25 to +0.75 diopters (D) and annual hyperopic reserve depletion \u22650.75D were randomized 1:1 to peripheral defocus spectacles with plano central\u2010zone (PDS group,\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0=\u00a0100) or plano\u2010single vision spectacles (SVS group,\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0=\u00a0100). Primary outcome was the subfoveal choroidal thickness (SFCT) change at 12\u00a0months measured by swept\u2010source optical coherence tomography. Secondary outcomes included axial length (AL), cycloplegic spherical equivalent refraction, and myopia incidence. The predictive value of 3\u2010month SFCT changes for 12\u2010month AL outcomes within the PDS group was assessed using receiver operating characteristic analysis.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      At 12\u00a0months, mean SFCT increased by 8.34\u00a0\u00b1\u00a018.67\u00a0\u03bcm in the PDS group, whereas it decreased by 16.82\u00a0\u00b1\u00a021.43\u00a0\u03bcm in the SVS group (mean difference: 25.16\u00a0\u03bcm; 95% CI: 19.84\u201330.48;\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0&lt;\u00a00.001). Mean AL elongation was 0.19\u00a0\u00b1\u00a00.14\u00a0mm (PDS) versus 0.32\u00a0\u00b1\u00a00.16\u00a0mm (SVS), representing 41% control efficacy (mean difference: \u22120.13\u00a0mm; 95% CI: \u22120.17 to \u22120.09;\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0&lt;\u00a00.001). Myopia incidence (spherical equivalent refraction \u2264\u22120.50D) was 18% (PDS) versus 44% (SVS;\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0&lt;\u00a00.001). Within the PDS group, SFCT changes at 3\u00a0months predicted 12\u2010month treatment response (AL elongation &lt;0.25\u00a0mm) with area under curve 0.76 (95% CI: 0.69\u20130.84;\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0&lt;\u00a00.001). Children with early SFCT thickening (\u2265+5\u00a0\u03bcm at 3\u00a0months) showed superior 12\u2010month AL control (0.16\u00a0\u00b1\u00a00.11\u00a0mm) compared to those with thinning (&lt;\u22125\u00a0\u03bcm; 0.28\u00a0\u00b1\u00a00.15\u00a0mm;\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0&lt;\u00a00.001). No serious adverse events occurred.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Peripheral defocus spectacles significantly controlled axial elongation and reduced myopia incidence in premyopic children with insufficient hyperopic reserve. Three\u2010month choroidal thickness changes represent a valid early predictive biomarker for treatment response, enabling personalized intervention by 3\u00a0months rather than waiting 12\u00a0months for conventional outcomes. Early choroidal thickening identifies optimal responders, supporting choroidal perfusion mechanisms in myopia control.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/ovs2.70060","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]],"date-time":"2026-06-01T11:45:16Z","timestamp":1780314316000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Early choroidal thickness changes predict myopia control response to peripheral defocus spectacles in premyopic children"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"103","author":[{"given":"Qian","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology Shanghai Yangpu District Shidong Hospital  Shanghai China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qing","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology Shanghai Yangpu District Shidong Hospital  Shanghai China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaoxia","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology Shanghai Yangpu District Shidong Hospital  Shanghai China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jie","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology Shanghai Yangpu District Shidong Hospital  Shanghai 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