{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T06:01:08Z","timestamp":1785391268896,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":65,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,27]],"date-time":"2026-06-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782518400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,27]],"date-time":"2026-06-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782518400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000053","name":"National Eye Institute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["T35EY007088"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["T35EY007088"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000053","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["OVS"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>SpotChecks is an accessible contrast sensitivity test with good repeatability in healthy adults. This study compared its intra\u2010visit repeatability with the near Pelli\u2013Robson test in adults with macular disease.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      One eye from 29 adults with macular disease (mean age 71\u00a0\u00b1\u00a013\u00a0years) underwent high\u2010contrast logMAR acuity and two repeated contrast sensitivity measurements with SpotChecks and Pelli\u2013Robson during one visit. All testing was performed at 40\u00a0cm using habitual correction under 110\u00a0cd\/m\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      luminance. SpotChecks was scored as the contrast sensitivity at the highest row with two or more errors. Pelli\u2010Robson was scored as (0.05\u00a0\u00d7\u00a0the number of correct letters \u22120.15). Repeatability was defined as 1.96\n                      <jats:sub>w<\/jats:sub>\n                      (\n                      <jats:italic>S<\/jats:italic>\n                      <jats:sub>w<\/jats:sub>\n                      , within\u2010subject standard deviation), and differences between tests and groups were compared using a bootstrap hypothesis test. Limits of agreement between SpotChecks and Pelli\u2013Robson were assessed with Bland\u2013Altman analysis. Results were compared with previously tested healthy adults.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Mean visual acuity was 0.15\u00a0\u00b1\u00a00.13 logMAR. Mean contrast sensitivity (logCS) was 1.51\u00a0\u00b1\u00a00.18 for SpotChecks, 1.49\u00a0\u00b1\u00a00.18 for Pelli\u2010Robson. Repeatability was identical for SpotChecks and Pelli\u2013Robson (0.17 logCS,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0=\u00a00.98) and comparable to normal values (SpotChecks: 0.19 logCS,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0=\u00a00.53; Pelli\u2013Robson: 0.17 logCS,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0=\u00a00.87). Contrast sensitivity correlated with logMAR acuity (SpotChecks:\n                      <jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0=\u00a0\u22120.60; Pelli\u2013Robson:\n                      <jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0=\u00a0\u22120.48; both\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0&lt;\u00a00.001). Limits of agreement between SpotChecks and Pelli\u2013Robson were 0.03\u00a0\u00b1\u00a00.21 logCS. Abnormal contrast sensitivity (&gt;2 SD below normal) was detected in 76% of eyes with SpotChecks and 66% with Pelli\u2013Robson, exceeding 34% identified by logMAR acuity (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0&lt;\u00a00.001 and\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0&lt;\u00a00.02, respectively).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In adults with macular disease and good to mildly reduced visual acuity, SpotChecks demonstrated intra\u2010visit repeatability comparable to Pelli\u2013Robson and healthy individuals. Receiver operating characteristic analysis showed comparable discriminative performance for SpotChecks and Pelli\u2013Robson, both outperforming high\u2010contrast logMAR acuity.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/ovs2.70082","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,27]],"date-time":"2026-06-27T18:08:59Z","timestamp":1782583739000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Repeatability of SpotChecks contrast sensitivity test in macular disease"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"103","author":[{"given":"Katlyn B.","family":"Sprague","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Optometry University of Houston  Houston Texas USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yabo","family":"Niu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mathematics University of Houston  Houston Texas 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