{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]],"date-time":"2026-09-03T22:28:59Z","timestamp":1788474539401,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,7]],"date-time":"2026-07-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1783382400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":6,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782864000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007817","name":"Alcon Research Institute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007817","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100006978","name":"University of California Berkeley","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100006978","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["OVS"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To study the effects of a lipid\u2010containing artificial tear (AT) and a non\u2010lipid\u2010containing AT on tear film dynamics over a 3\u2010month period.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Subjects with low lipid layer thickness were randomized to lipid\u2010containing or non\u2010lipid\u2010containing ATs for 3\u00a0months. At each visit Ocular Surface Disease Index (OSDI), LipiView, non\u2010invasive and fluorescein tear breakup times, tear lipid layer and aqueous film recordings with EasyTear View+, and corneal staining assessment were performed. Lipid layer thickness and tear thinning rate were calculated using custom LabView programs. Mixed effects models were used to analyze relationships among variables.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Thirty nine subjects completed the study. Mean EasyTear View+\u00a0lipid layer thickness with non\u2010lipid\u2010containing AT decreased from baseline (65.1 [61.0, 69.2]\u00a0nm) to 3\u00a0months (58.0 [53.4, 62.7]\u00a0nm,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0=\u00a00.012), whereas mean lipid layer thickness with the lipid\u2010containing AT remained stable (baseline\u00a0=\u00a059.0 [53.6, 64.4]\u00a0nm, 3\u00a0months\u00a0=\u00a062.4 [56.1, 68.7]\u00a0nm,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0=\u00a00.30). There was a significant difference in lipid layer thickness change from baseline to 3\u00a0months between the lipid\u2010containing (3.4\u00a0nm) and non\u2010lipid\u2010containing ATs (\u22127.1\u00a0nm,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0=\u00a00.014). Tear thinning rate with the non\u2010lipid\u2010containing AT was faster at 3\u00a0months (baseline\u00a0=\u00a03.01 [2.21, 3.81]%\/sec, 3\u00a0months\u00a0=\u00a04.78 [3.62, 5.94]%\/sec,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0=\u00a00.008), but remained stable with the lipid\u2010containing AT (baseline\u00a0=\u00a02.84 [1.93, 3.76]%\/sec, 3\u00a0months\u00a0=\u00a02.93 [2.15, 3.70]%\/sec,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0=\u00a00.84). The increase in tear thinning rate from baseline was greater with the non\u2010lipid\u2010containing (1.77%\/sec) than the lipid\u2010containing AT (0.09%\/sec,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0=\u00a00.019). Fluorescein tear breakup time with the non\u2010lipid\u2010containing AT remained stable at 3\u00a0months (4.70 [4.14, 5.25]\u00a0sec) versus baseline (4.23 [3.48, 4.99]\u00a0sec,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0=\u00a00.26), whereas fluorescein tear breakup time with the lipid\u2010containing AT was longer at 3\u00a0months (6.33 [4.85, 7.82]\u00a0sec) versus baseline (4.44 [3.66, 5.22]\u00a0sec,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0=\u00a00.029). There were no significant changes in OSDI score, LipiView lipid layer thickness, non\u2010invasive tear breakup time or corneal staining grade over the 3\u2010month period.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Patients with lipid deficiency may benefit from lipid\u2010containing AT over the non\u2010lipid\u2010containing AT to stabilize tear lipid thickness and minimize tear thinning while increasing tear breakup time.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Trial Registration<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      This study was registered at\n                      <jats:ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" xlink:href=\"http:\/\/ClinicalTrials.gov\">ClinicalTrials.gov<\/jats:ext-link>\n                      (#NCT05705518) on the date of January 20, 2023.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/ovs2.70084","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,8]],"date-time":"2026-07-08T03:58:55Z","timestamp":1783483135000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Randomized comparison of lipid\u2010containing and non\u2010lipid\u2010containing artificial tears on tear film dynamics over a 3\u2010month period"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"103","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-5269-0635","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jennifer E.","family":"Ding","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Research Center, School of Optometry University of California  Berkeley California USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anisha","family":"Pradhan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Research Center, School of Optometry University of California  Berkeley California USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dorothy K.","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Research Center, School of Optometry University of California  Berkeley California USA"},{"name":"Vision Science Graduate Group University of California  Berkeley California USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrea J.","family":"FazioLiu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Research Center, School of Optometry University of California  Berkeley California USA"},{"name":"Vision Science Graduate Group University of California  Berkeley California USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sarah M.","family":"Chang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Research Center, School of Optometry University of California  Berkeley California USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrew D.","family":"Graham","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Research Center, School of Optometry University of California  Berkeley California USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Devin J.","family":"Leung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Research Center, School of Optometry University of California  Berkeley California USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ryan S.","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Research Center, School of Optometry University of California  Berkeley California USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yixiu","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Research Center, School of Optometry University of California  Berkeley California USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tatyana","family":"Svitova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Research Center, School of Optometry University of California  Berkeley California USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thao N.","family":"Yeh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Alcon Vision, LLC  Fort Worth Texas USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Meng C.","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Research Center, School of Optometry University of California  Berkeley California USA"},{"name":"Vision Science Graduate Group University of California  Berkeley California USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtos.2017.05.011"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s1542\u20100124(12)70139\u20108"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtos.2017.08.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00417\u2010020\u201005044\u20105"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/07853890.2022.2056238"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/ico.0b013e318191b870"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.09\u20104387"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen\u20102022\u2010062850"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2019.02.024"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598\u2010023\u201050871\u20101"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12886\u2010019\u20101290\u2010z"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/opto.s350185"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/eye.1998.215"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.optom.2020.03.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/opth.s228261"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtos.2020.12.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.ico.0000133997.07144.9e"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/aos.12012"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/ico.0000000000001932"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/09286586.2023.2248629"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/jop.2018.0069"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtos.2017.09.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.cd009729.pub2"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2009.09.013"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtos.2020.08.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clae.2017.09.013"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.90714"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.18\u201024758"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/ico.0b013e31821b71e6"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/02713683.2022.2039205"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5301\/ejo.5000883"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978\u20101\u20104615\u20105359\u20105_121"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/icl.0b013e31828af164"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2012\/207315"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12938\u2010017\u20100426\u20108"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1167\/tvst.9.8.29"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2014.11.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcjo.2019.03.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41433\u2010022\u201002281\u20102"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/ico.0b013e31802b492d"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/02713683.2012.757323"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clae.2009.10.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2003.07.008"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/02713683.2022.2098981"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.12\u201010033"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtos.2013.11.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/ico.0000000000002148"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/02713688508999961"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/pajo.pajo_24_25"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598\u2010024\u201054219\u20101"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/opx.0000000000000649"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0185603"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_54_1","article-title":"Associations between diagnosis of meibomian gland dysfunction and clinical signs and symptoms of dry eye disease","author":"Kaur G","year":"2025","journal-title":"American Academy of Optometry"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archophthalmol.2009.356"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clae.2017.07.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtos.2019.11.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40123\u2010025\u201001201\u20103"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2010.10.032"}],"container-title":["Optometry and Vision Science"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/ovs2.70084","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1002\/ovs2.70084","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/ovs2.70084","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T05:33:07Z","timestamp":1785389587000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/ovs2.70084"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]},"references-count":58,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/ovs2.70084"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ovs2.70084","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1040-5488","1538-9235"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1040-5488","type":"print"},{"value":"1538-9235","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2025-12-12","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-06-12","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-07-07","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e70084"}}