{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T09:50:56Z","timestamp":1791366656612,"version":"4.3.1"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1791331200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":6,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790812800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100013400","name":"American Academy of Optometry Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100013400","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["OVS"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Driven by scleral stiffness, ocular rigidity (OR) is emerging as a critical factor in refractive development. Although a common assumption is that OR is symmetric in a healthy individual\u2019s eyes, empirical data remains scarce. This study directly tests this assumption by quantifying intereye OR differences in healthy, isometropic subjects.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Isometropia was defined as intereye differences in spherical equivalent refraction (SER) of &lt;0.50 diopters (D) and axial length (AL) of &lt;0.15\u00a0mm. OR was measured using a validated method based on video\u2010rate optical coherence tomography imaging and dynamic contour tonometry. A neural network approach was used to segment the choroid and obtain the pulsatile choroidal thickness (CT) and the volume (\u0394\n                      <jats:italic>V<\/jats:italic>\n                      ) change. OR was estimated based on Friedenwald's pressure\u2013volume relationship using the \u0394\n                      <jats:italic>V<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0and the ocular pulse amplitude. In addition to OR, other acquired measurements included the aqueous depth (AD), central corneal thickness, Pascal intraocular pressure (IOP), Goldmann\u2010correlated IOP, corneal\u2010compensated IOP, corneal hysteresis, and corneal resistance factor (CRF).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Thirty\u2010six subjects aged 17\u00a0\u00b1\u00a06\u00a0years were enrolled, 33% of whom had isomyopia. Mean (SD) SER was \u22120.69 (1.48)\u00a0D in OD and \u22120.68 (1.41)\u00a0D in OS (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0=\u00a00.88), and mean AL was 23.79 (0.94)\u00a0mm in OD and 23.78 (0.94)\u00a0mm in OS (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0=\u00a00.36). No difference in OR was found between the right 0.017 (0.011)\/\u03bcL and left 0.018 (0.012)\/\u03bcL eyes (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0=\u00a00.74; mean difference\u00a0=\u00a0\u22120.0003\/\u03bcL). No significant intereye differences were observed for most parameters, although right eyes had slightly higher values for AD (0.03\u00a0mm,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0&lt;\u00a00.001), CRF (0.3\u00a0mmHg,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0=\u00a00.006), and subfoveal CT (11.5\u00a0\u03bcm,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0=\u00a00.010).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Our findings primarily show that OR displays strong interocular symmetry in healthy individuals with isometropia. Establishing normative symmetry of OR in living human eyes lays the groundwork for the biomechanical basis of refractive development and myopia, indicating that intereye differences in OR may reflect pathological change.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/ovs2.70107","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T09:03:06Z","timestamp":1791363786000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Interocular symmetry of ocular rigidity and related ocular parameters in isometropia"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"103","author":[{"given":"Jonathan","family":"Medina\u2010Cornejo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Houston College of Optometry  Houston Texas USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-7762-602X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kelly","family":"Lam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Houston College of Optometry  Houston Texas USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yasaman","family":"Adel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Houston College of Optometry  Houston Texas USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1772-2611","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nimesh B.","family":"Patel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Houston College of Optometry  Houston Texas USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3734-403X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Diane N.","family":"Sayah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Houston College of Optometry  Houston Texas USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_12_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2016.01.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2013.08.010"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/opx.0b013e3181940669"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.18\u201025967"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_6_1","first-page":"383","volume-title":"Biomechanics of the eye","author":"Grytz R","year":"2018"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_7_1","first-page":"2179","article-title":"Structural and ultrastructural changes to the sclera in a mammalian model of high myopia","volume":"42","author":"McBrien NA","year":"2001","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exer.2014.07.015"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_9_1","first-page":"2028","article-title":"Induced myopia associated with increased scleral creep in chick and tree shrew eyes","volume":"41","author":"Phillips JR","year":"2000","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2011.05.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0002\u20109394(37)90425\u20102"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.04\u20100162"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1364\/boe.6.001694"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exer.2019.107831"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.61.13.11"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcjo.2022.02.009"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.xops.2024.100576"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2021.701997"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bjophthalmol\u20102019\u2010315595"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_20_1","unstructured":"SayahDN.Ocular rigidity: a previously unexplored risk factor in the pathophysiology of open\u2010angle glaucoma: assessment using a novel OCT\u2010Based measurement method PhD thesis Universite de Montreal 2020.https:\/\/doi.org\/10.71781\/478"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_21_1","first-page":"58","article-title":"The influence of axial length on ocular rigidity in open\u2010angle glaucoma","volume":"64","author":"Sayah DN","year":"2023","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajoc.2023.101940"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ojemb.2024.3453049"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.12\u201011576"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.11\u20108727"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/875647939901500602"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.xops.2025.100814"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/03091902.2014.899401"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10792\u2010021\u201002020\u20108"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/opx.0000000000002066"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bjophthalmol\u20102016\u2010309365"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/opo.12807"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.07\u20100280"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/opx.0b013e318297da45"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1755\u20103768.2010.01957.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s40662\u2010016\u20100037\u20107"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2008.05.032"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.11\u20108771"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/472391"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.21037\/qims\u201021\u2010813"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/ijo.ijo_8_19"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/iae.0000000000000590"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/0967\u20103334\/32\/12\/001"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2025.1626329"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.61.6.27"}],"container-title":["Optometry and Vision Science"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/ovs2.70107","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1002\/ovs2.70107","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/ovs2.70107","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T09:03:12Z","timestamp":1791363792000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/ovs2.70107"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]},"references-count":44,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/ovs2.70107"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ovs2.70107","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1040-5488","1538-9235"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1040-5488","type":"print"},{"value":"1538-9235","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2026-07-10","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-09-25","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-10-07","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e70107"}}