{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,7]],"date-time":"2026-07-07T20:12:24Z","timestamp":1783455144911,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,30]],"date-time":"2026-04-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1777507200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,30]],"date-time":"2026-04-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1777507200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Pediatric Anesthesia"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Neuromuscular blocking agents are essential for safe pediatric anesthesia but remain a frequent source of preventable morbidity when misused, inadequately monitored, or incompletely reversed. Children, particularly neonates and infants, are especially vulnerable to residual neuromuscular block due to developmental pharmacological variability and limited physiological reserve.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Aims<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To describe common and preventable \u201cerror traps\u201d in pediatric neuromuscular block management and to highlight strategies to improve safety across the perioperative continuum.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This narrative review synthesizes current evidence and clinical practice patterns to identify recurrent pitfalls in the use, monitoring, reversal, and postoperative management of neuromuscular blocking agents in children.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Four major error traps were identified: omission of neuromuscular blocking agents when optimal intubating conditions are required; failure to use quantitative neuromuscular monitoring; inappropriate or mistimed pharmacological reversal; and failure to recognize and treat residual paralysis. These errors contribute to a persistently high incidence of residual neuromuscular block and are associated with increased risk of postoperative respiratory complications. Developmental pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic variability further amplifies these risks in pediatric populations.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Avoidance of these error traps requires systematic application of evidence\u2010based practices, including routine use of quantitative neuromuscular monitoring and objective confirmation of recovery with a train\u2010of\u2010four ratio \u2265\u20090.9 prior to extubation. Embedding these principles into clinical practice is essential to improving safety in pediatric anesthesia.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/pan.70202","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,30]],"date-time":"2026-04-30T11:27:19Z","timestamp":1777548439000},"page":"887-898","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Error Traps in Pediatric Neuromuscular Block"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"36","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5068-1647","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gabriel Soares","family":"de Sousa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Discipline of Anesthesiology, Faculdade de Medicina Universidade de S\u00e3o Paulo  S\u00e3o Paulo Brazil"},{"name":"Instituto da Crian\u00e7a e do Adolescente, Hospital das Cl\u00ednicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina Universidade de S\u00e3o Paulo  S\u00e3o Paulo Brazil"},{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Faculdade de Medicina Universidade de S\u00e3o Paulo  S\u00e3o Paulo Brazil"},{"name":"Servi\u00e7os M\u00e9dicos de Anestesia, Hospital S\u00edrio\u2010Liban\u00eas  S\u00e3o Paulo Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8291-6239","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Debra","family":"Faulk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology University of Colorado  Aurora Colorado USA"},{"name":"Division of Pediatric Anesthesiology Children's Hospital Colorado  Aurora Colorado USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6459-7983","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vinicius Caldeira","family":"Quintao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Discipline of Anesthesiology, Faculdade de Medicina Universidade de S\u00e3o Paulo  S\u00e3o Paulo Brazil"},{"name":"Instituto da Crian\u00e7a e do Adolescente, Hospital das Cl\u00ednicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina Universidade de S\u00e3o Paulo  S\u00e3o Paulo Brazil"},{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Faculdade de Medicina Universidade de S\u00e3o Paulo  S\u00e3o Paulo Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5708-6026","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Niekoo","family":"Abbasian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center  Cincinnati Ohio USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0490-2074","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hans D.","family":"de Boer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"International Network to Improve Perioperative Care (INIPC) Academy  Groningen the Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5787-8979","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ricardo 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