{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T05:53:35Z","timestamp":1791266015997,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":8,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,22]],"date-time":"2026-07-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1784678400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,22]],"date-time":"2026-07-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1784678400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Pediatric Anesthesia"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Postoperative tracheal extubation is a particularly high\u2010risk period in pediatric anesthesia. Because emergence from anesthesia is a complex and complicated process, determining the optimal timing for safe tracheal extubation remains challenging.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Aims<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To evaluate the feasibility and descriptive characteristics of a four\u2010stage neuroanatomical framework for pediatric anesthesia emergence while providing exploratory incidence estimates of respiratory adverse events across these stages.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Children younger than 7\u2009years undergoing general anesthesia were enrolled. Emergence stratified into four stages, defined by cranial nerve indicators: Stage 1 (Medulla: regular breathing, movement, excluding cough or swallowing); Stage 2 (Pons: tearing or grimacing); Stage 3 (Midbrain: conjugate gaze or eye\u2010opening); and Stage 4 (Cerebrum: purposeful movement). Primary outcomes included feasibility metrics\u2014such as protocol completion, recruitment flow, and data completeness\u2014and successful assignment of emergence stages. Exploratory descriptive statistics summarized the incidence of respiratory adverse events. Risk ratios were calculated to compare the occurrence of respiratory adverse events in intermediate (Stages 2 and 3) and cortical (Stage 4) stages.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Of the 174 patients screened, 89 completed the protocol. Overall, 153 patients provided consent (91.6% consent rate). The overall data capture rate was 58.2% (89\/153), while the worksheet processing rate\u2014adjusted for protocol\u2010ineligible cases, such as those with supraglottic airway use\u2014was 73.2% (112\/153). Among the 89 patients analyzed, there were no missing data for key variables, and stage assignment was achieved in all cases. Respiratory adverse events were observed in 16.9% of children; descriptive analysis showed an event rate of 25.0% during Stage 2, 25.0% during Stage 3, and 11.6% during Stage 4.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>While stage assignment was possible among captured cases, the predefined data capture targets were not met. This pilot study successfully identified key workflow and feasibility barriers, which establish a foundation for refining protocols in the upcoming multicenter ExPEDIA registry.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Trial Registration<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Clinical Trial Registration: jRCT 1030250099<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/pan.70270","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,22]],"date-time":"2026-07-22T07:36:20Z","timestamp":1784705780000},"page":"1409-1416","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["A Pilot and Feasibility Study of a Four\u2010Stage Neurological Staging Framework in Pediatric Tracheal Extubation During Anesthesia Emergence"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"36","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-4757-8483","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Megumi","family":"Okuyama","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology Institute of Science Tokyo  Tokyo Japan"},{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University  Chiba Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9974-5464","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Katsuhiko","family":"Ishibashi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology Institute of Science Tokyo  Tokyo Japan"},{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University  Chiba Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-6874-0821","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shiori","family":"Nakao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology Chiba University Hospital  Chiba Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-2327-0343","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tomoharu","family":"Ukiya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University  Chiba Japan"},{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology Chiba Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center  Chiba Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-3528-5695","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kohei","family":"Takahashi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biostatistics Section, Clinical Research Center Chiba University Hospital  Chiba Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7136-9815","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Taiki","family":"Kojima","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesia Saitama Children's Medical Center  Saitama Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_13_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-2600(17)30116-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(10)61193-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/ALN.0000000000002870"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/ALN.0000000000002559"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/pan.14825"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/pulp.1996.0037"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1213\/01.ANE.0000184134.80849.17"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/ALN.0000000000005646"}],"container-title":["Pediatric Anesthesia"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/pan.70270","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1002\/pan.70270","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/pan.70270","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T05:15:48Z","timestamp":1791263748000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/pan.70270"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,22]]},"references-count":8,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,11]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/pan.70270"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/pan.70270","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1155-5645","1460-9592"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1155-5645","type":"print"},{"value":"1460-9592","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,22]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2026-01-13","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication 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