{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,20]],"date-time":"2026-10-20T12:43:08Z","timestamp":1792500188332,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"Wiley","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,20]],"date-time":"2026-10-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1792454400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,20]],"date-time":"2026-10-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1792454400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004737","name":"National Health Research Institutes","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["5 M01 RR00069"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["5 M01 RR00069"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004737","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Pediatric Anesthesia"],"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The systemic inflammatory response syndrome to cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) affects all organ systems including the brain. Perioperative brain injury in children with congenital heart disease is often clinically silent in the acute perioperative period and may not be detected until patients are older. The plasma biomarkers neuron\u2010specific enolase (NSE) and S100\u00df protein show potential for detecting neurological injury in the perioperative period.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The three objectives of this study were to examine the correlation of NSE and S100\u00df protein levels with inflammatory cytokines, parameters of CPB, and the development of neurological injury in the intensive care unit following cardiac surgery in children.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>50 children undergoing cardiac surgery with CPB had blood samples drawn at three time points: after induction of anesthesia, 30\u2009min post\u2010CPB, and 24\u2009h post\u2010CPB. Blood samples were analyzed for NSE, S100\u00df, and the inflammatory cytokines IL\u20106, IL\u20108, and IL\u201010. Data were collected on CPB durations and neurological injury diagnosed in the postoperative period.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      NSE and S100\u00df increased significantly following bypass and correlated with increases of IL\u20106, IL\u20108, and IL\u201010. There was a significant positive correlation of NSE and S100\u00df with duration of CPB, and of S100\u00df with duration of aortic cross clamp. Three patients suffered neurological insult. These patients had greater levels of NSE during the post\u2010CPB period (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.02) and S100\u00df at 24\u2009h post\u2010CPB (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.02) than patients without neurological deficits.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The positive correlation between NSE, S100\u00df, inflammatory cytokines, and neurological deficits suggests that the systemic inflammatory response to CPB may contribute to neurological injury and that NSE and S100\u00df may be useful tools to detect neurological injury following CPB.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/pan.70332","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,20]],"date-time":"2026-10-20T11:51:36Z","timestamp":1792497096000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Correlation of Neuron\u2010Specific Enolase and S100\u00df Protein Levels, Inflammatory Cytokines, and Neurological Injury in Children Undergoing Cardiopulmonary Bypass"],"prefix":"10.1002","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4204-4450","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mark","family":"Twite","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology, Children's Hospital Colorado University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus  Aurora Colorado USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-6764-9117","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aris","family":"Sophocles","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology, Children's Hospital Colorado University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus  Aurora Colorado USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9319-2501","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhaoxing","family":"Pan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology, Children's Hospital Colorado University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus  Aurora Colorado USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6651-3130","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Robert","family":"Friesen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology, Children's Hospital Colorado University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus  Aurora Colorado USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,20]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(80)91168-3","article-title":"Developmental Profile of Neuron\u2010Specific (NSE) and Non\u2010Neuronal (NNE) Enolase","volume":"190","author":"Marangos P. 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