{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,20]],"date-time":"2026-06-20T14:19:34Z","timestamp":1781965174720,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,23]],"date-time":"2023-07-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1690070400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000193","name":"International Development Research Centre","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["109238\u2010001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["109238\u2010001"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000193","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["besjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["People and Nature"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>\n<jats:list>\n\n<jats:list-item><jats:p>Adapting to and mitigating against climate change requires the protection and expansion of natural carbon sinks, especially ecosystems with exceptional carbon density such as mangrove forests (an example of \u2018blue carbon\u2019). Projects that do this are called \u2018nature\u2010based solutions\u2019 (NbS).<\/jats:p><\/jats:list-item>\n\n<jats:list-item><jats:p>International norms regulating NbS stipulate the importance of justice, in contrast with some of the history and practice in wider conservation. However, what justice means and how it manifests in practice remain contentious.<\/jats:p><\/jats:list-item>\n\n<jats:list-item><jats:p>Selling carbon credits on the voluntary market is a growing source of funding for NbS. A large literature examines the ethics, economics, science and politics of such payments for ecosystem services (PES), including for blue carbon. The interpretations of justice in this context are particularly contentious, but operational blue carbon projects have not been examined from a justice perspective.<\/jats:p><\/jats:list-item>\n\n<jats:list-item><jats:p>Here we report on a case study involving the first blue carbon project, Mikoko Pamoja, and its sister project Vanga Blue Forest, both based in Kenya. We consider how justice is conceived by local participants and beneficiaries, using interviews, focus groups and participant observation to collect data, as well as by international stakeholders and in relevant governing documents and policy. We compare these perceptions with expectations and critiques derived a priori from the literature, including a classic thought experiment that influential justice philosopher John Rawls called the \u2018original position\u2019.<\/jats:p><\/jats:list-item>\n\n<jats:list-item><jats:p>In contrast to high\u2010level policy and much of the literature, but in common with Rawls, local stakeholders emphasised distributional aspects of justice. Locally situated interpretations of contentious issues such as elite capture and commodification differed markedly from common interpretations in the literature.<\/jats:p><\/jats:list-item>\n\n<jats:list-item><jats:p>Our work emphasises the importance of situating abstract concepts in their local contexts when evaluating justice in NbS projects. It shows how narratives advocating technical precision and economic efficiency in NbS can militate against transparency and agency at a local level and emphasises the critical importance of benefit sharing that is perceived to be fair.<\/jats:p><\/jats:list-item>\n<\/jats:list>\n<\/jats:p><jats:p>Read the free <jats:ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" xlink:href=\"https:\/\/relationalthinkingblog.com\/?p=5901\">Plain Language Summary<\/jats:ext-link> for this article on the Journal blog.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/pan3.10498","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,24]],"date-time":"2023-07-24T04:01:05Z","timestamp":1690171265000},"page":"1497-1511","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":33,"title":["Rawls in the mangrove: Perceptions of justice in nature\u2010based solutions projects"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"5","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7877-6675","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mark","family":"Huxham","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Conservation and Restoration Sciences, School of Applied Sciences Edinburgh Napier University  Edinburgh UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anne","family":"Kairu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biological Sciences Department University of Embu  Embu Kenya"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2931-6634","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joseph K.","family":"Lang'at","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Marine Ecology And Environment Programme Kenya Marine and Fisheries Research Institute  Mombasa Kenya"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rahma","family":"Kivugo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"World Wide Fund for Nature Kenya  Ukunda Kwale Kenya"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mwanarusi","family":"Mwafrica","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Vanga Blue Forest Community Organisation  Vanga Kwale Kenya"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amber","family":"Huff","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Development Studies University of Sussex  Brighton Brighton and Hove UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robyn","family":"Shilland","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Association for Coastal Ecosystem Services  Haddington East Lothian UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0702098104"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gloenvcha.2011.11.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","volume-title":"The conservation revolution. 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