{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,3]],"date-time":"2026-10-03T18:06:55Z","timestamp":1791050815565,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2003,7,7]],"date-time":"2003-07-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1057536000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"name":"The Finnish Anti-Tuberculosis Association Foundation"},{"name":"Juselius Foundation"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004359","name":"Swedish Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004359","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["pathsocjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["The Journal of Pathology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2003,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The thioredoxin system containing thioredoxin (Trx) and thioredoxin reductase (TrxR) has profound effects on cell proliferation and protection against exogenous oxidants. The significance of the Trx system in human lung and lung diseases is, however, largely unresolved. Altogether, 66 specimens of human lung were investigated by immunohistochemistry for their expression of Trx and TrxR. The diseases included interstitial pneumonias such as usual interstitial pneumonia (UIP), desquamative interstitial pneumonia (DIP), and UIP associated with collagen vascular diseases (CVD\u2010ILD), and granulomatous diseases such as sarcoidosis and allergic alveolitis. The ultrastructural localization of Trx and TrxR was analysed by immunoelectron microscopy. In healthy lung, Trx and TrxR were expressed in bronchial epithelium and alveolar macrophages. Trx and TrxR were highly concentrated in areas of metaplastic epithelium in UIP and in alveolar macrophages in DIP, though fibrotic areas in UIP were mainly negative. The expression of both enzymes was clearly weaker in CVD\u2010ILD than in UIP. Granulomas of sarcoidosis showed moderate to intense Trx immunoreactivity. Ultrastructurally, Trx and TrxR were expressed diffusely in the cytosolic compartment and plasma membrane of metaplastic type II pneumocytes, macrophages, and bronchial epithelial cells. This study highlights the importance of Trx and TrxR in primary defence in bronchial epithelium, alveolar epithelium, and macrophages in human lung, but also indicates that elevated expression of these proteins may serve as markers of ongoing cell regeneration and inflammation. Copyright \u00a9 2003 John Wiley &amp; Sons, Ltd.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/path.1435","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2003,10,28]],"date-time":"2003-10-28T03:00:42Z","timestamp":1067310042000},"page":"363-370","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":46,"title":["Expression of the thioredoxin system in interstitial lung disease"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"201","author":[{"given":"Leena","family":"Tiitto","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Riitta","family":"Kaarteenaho\u2010Wiik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Raija","family":"Sormunen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Arne","family":"Holmgren","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paavo","family":"P\u00e4\u00e4kk\u00f6","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ylermi","family":"Soini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vuokko L","family":"Kinnula","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2003,7,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_2","first-page":"412","article-title":"Biology of disease: free radicals and tissue injury","volume":"47","author":"Freeman BA","year":"1982","journal-title":"Lab Invest"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.93.06091368"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.155.5.9154889"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajplung.2000.279.6.L1005"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_6_2","first-page":"598","article-title":"Free radicals, antioxidants, and human disease: where are we now?","volume":"119","author":"Halliwell B","year":"1992","journal-title":"J Lab Clin Med"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/ars.2000.2.4-811"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1432-1327.2000.01701.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/MCB.20.6.2198-2208.2000"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.immunol.15.1.351"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.91.5.1672"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1165\/ajrcmb.25.2.4471"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/thorax.55.9.755"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_14_2","first-page":"A277","article-title":"American Thoracic Society\/European Respiratory Society international multidisciplinary consensus classification of the idiopathic interstitial pneumonias","volume":"165","author":"American Thoracic Society (ATS) and European Respiratory Society (ERS)","year":"2002","journal-title":"AJRCCM"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.2106012"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM197804132981501"},{"issue":"32","key":"e_1_2_6_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56S","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.01.18s320056","article-title":"Sarcoidosis: clinical update","volume":"18","author":"Costabel U","year":"2001","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1067\/mai.2001.119570"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_19_2","volume-title":"Katzenstein and Askin's Surgical Pathology on Non\u2010neoplastic Lung Disease","author":"Katzenstein A\u2010L","year":"1997"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4757-3935-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/bi00269a003"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jcp.36.11.1269"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-0215(20010520)95:3<198::AID-IJC1034>3.0.CO;2-F"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/aja.1001850220"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_25_2","first-page":"1750","article-title":"Widespread expression of thioredoxin and thioredoxin reductase in non\u2010small cell lung carcinoma","volume":"7","author":"Soini Y","year":"2001","journal-title":"Clin Cancer Res"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.158.2.9711059"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/hupa.2001.28937"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpcell.2000.278.1.C118"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1165\/ajrcmb.17.6.2809"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M000835200"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/152308602753625825"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.94.8.3633"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_33_2","first-page":"2281","article-title":"Thioredoxin reductase, a redox\u2010active selenoprotein, is secreted by normal and neoplastic cells: presence in human plasma","volume":"60","author":"Soderberg A","year":"2000","journal-title":"Cancer Res"}],"container-title":["The Journal of Pathology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1002%2Fpath.1435","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/pathsocjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/path.1435","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,21]],"date-time":"2025-10-21T17:23:51Z","timestamp":1761067431000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/pathsocjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/path.1435"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2003,7,7]]},"references-count":32,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2003,11]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/path.1435"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/path.1435","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0022-3417","1096-9896"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0022-3417","type":"print"},{"value":"1096-9896","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2003,7,7]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2002-12-13","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2003-05-06","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2003-07-07","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}