{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,14]],"date-time":"2026-09-14T09:25:52Z","timestamp":1789377952459,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2004,1,19]],"date-time":"2004-01-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1074470400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"name":"Medical Research Council"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010269","name":"The Wellcome Trust","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010269","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["pathsocjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["The Journal of Pathology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2004,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Autoimmune polyendocrine syndrome type 1 (APS1) is a rare autosomal recessive human disorder caused by mutations in the autoimmune regulator gene (<jats:italic>AIRE<\/jats:italic>) and characterized by multiple autoimmune diseases. As reports of the tissue expression pattern of the murine <jats:italic>Aire<\/jats:italic> gene are discordant, a comprehensive survey of Aire expression was undertaken in adult and embryonic tissues at the mRNA and protein levels using real\u2010time RT\u2010PCR, <jats:italic>in situ<\/jats:italic> hybridization, and immunohistochemistry. In the adult, the highest <jats:italic>Aire<\/jats:italic> mRNA expression was in the thymus. All the other tissues investigated expressed <jats:italic>Aire<\/jats:italic> mRNA at low levels, but it was barely detectable in the adrenal gland. Aire protein expression was observed in the thymus, spleen, and lymph nodes. A common pattern was observed in other tissues, with staining in epithelial cells. An exception to this was the gut, where staining was seen in the mucin spaces. In embryonic tissue, <jats:italic>Aire<\/jats:italic> mRNA and protein expression was detected from E14.5 in the thymus. In the fetal liver, unlike the adult, staining was observed at E14.5 and decreased towards term. Thus, Aire is expressed in immunologically relevant tissues and in a restricted number of extra\u2010immunological tissues in the adult. Furthermore, the presence of Aire protein is reported in extra\u2010thymic tissues of the embryo. Copyright \u00a9 2004 John Wiley &amp; Sons, Ltd.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/path.1493","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2004,1,21]],"date-time":"2004-01-21T03:00:59Z","timestamp":1074654059000},"page":"180-187","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":32,"title":["A comparative study of mRNA and protein expression of the autoimmune regulator gene (<i>Aire<\/i>) in embryonic and adult murine 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