{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T00:12:38Z","timestamp":1791850358274,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2004,5,7]],"date-time":"2004-05-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1083888000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["pathsocjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["The Journal of Pathology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2004,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    We previously identified the major pathological changes in the respiratory and immune systems of patients who died of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) but gained little information on the organ distribution of SARS\u2010associated coronavirus (SARS\u2010CoV). In the present study, we used a murine monoclonal antibody specific for SARS\u2010CoV nucleoprotein, and probes specific for a SARS\u2010CoV RNA polymerase gene fragment, for immunohistochemistry and\n                    <jats:italic>in situ<\/jats:italic>\n                    hybridization, respectively, to detect SARS\u2010CoV systematically in tissues from patients who died of SARS. SARS\u2010CoV was found in lung, trachea\/bronchus, stomach, small intestine, distal convoluted renal tubule, sweat gland, parathyroid, pituitary, pancreas, adrenal gland, liver and cerebrum, but was not detected in oesophagus, spleen, lymph node, bone marrow, heart, aorta, cerebellum, thyroid, testis, ovary, uterus or muscle. These results suggest that, in addition to the respiratory system, the gastrointestinal tract and other organs with detectable SARS\u2010CoV may also be targets of SARS\u2010CoV infection. The pathological changes in these organs may be caused directly by the cytopathic effect mediated by local replication of the SARS\u2010CoV; or indirectly as a result of systemic responses to respiratory failure or the harmful immune response induced by viral infection. In addition to viral spread through a respiratory route, SARS\u2010CoV in the intestinal tract, kidney and sweat glands may be excreted via faeces, urine and sweat, thereby leading to virus transmission. This study provides important information for understanding the pathogenesis of SARS\u2010CoV infection and sheds light on possible virus transmission pathways. This data will be useful for designing new strategies for prevention and treatment of SARS. Copyright \u00a9 2004 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley &amp; Sons, Ltd.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/path.1560","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2004,5,7]],"date-time":"2004-05-07T05:00:35Z","timestamp":1083906035000},"page":"622-630","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":885,"title":["Organ distribution of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) associated coronavirus (SARS\u2010CoV) in SARS patients: implications for pathogenesis and virus transmission pathways"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"203","author":[{"given":"Yanqing","family":"Ding","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Li","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qingling","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhongxi","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaoyan","family":"Che","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jinlin","family":"Hou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Huijun","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hong","family":"Shen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Liwen","family":"Qiu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhuguo","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jian","family":"Geng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Junjie","family":"Cai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Huixia","family":"Han","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xin","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wei","family":"Kang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Desheng","family":"Weng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ping","family":"Liang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shibo","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2004,5,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_2","unstructured":"WHO. Summary of probable SARS cases with onset of illness from 1 November 2002 to 31 July 2003.www.who.int[2003]."},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa030781"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa030747"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(03)13077-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1085953"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1085952"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1087139"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature02145"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.C300520200"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2003.11.054"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0092-8674(03)00976-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(04)15788-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(03)13967-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.cr.7290158"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_16_2","unstructured":"WHO. Consensus document on the epidemiology of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS).www.who.int2003."},{"key":"e_1_2_6_17_2","unstructured":"Macfie N. China confirms SARS case in Southern Guangzhou. Reuters Health Information.www.medscape.com\/viewarticle\/466 7102004."},{"key":"e_1_2_6_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/path.1440"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM200307313490519"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_20_2","first-page":"640","article-title":"Rapid and efficient preparation of monoclonal antibodies against SARS\u2010associated coronavirus nucleocapsid protein by immunizing mice","volume":"23","author":"Che XY","year":"2003","journal-title":"Di Yi Jun Yi Da Xue Xue Bao"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9440(10)61149-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_22_2","first-page":"424","article-title":"Clinical detection of polymerase gene of SARS\u2010associated coronavirus","volume":"23","author":"Yang J","year":"2003","journal-title":"Di Yi Jun Yi Da Xue Xue Bao"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_23_2","first-page":"637","article-title":"Antibody response of patients with severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) to nucleocapsid antigen of SARS\u2010associated coronavirus","volume":"23","author":"Che XY","year":"2003","journal-title":"Di Yi Jun Yi Da Xue Xue Bao"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.301.5631.299"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.301.5641.1824b"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_26_2","first-page":"195","article-title":"Study on etiology and pathology of severe acute respiratory syndrome","volume":"32","author":"Ding Y","year":"2003","journal-title":"Zhonghua Bing Li Xue Za Zhi"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/357420a0"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/357417a0"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(03)13186-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0014-5793(02)03640-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gastro.2003.08.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_32_2","first-page":"14","article-title":"SARS: protecting against a deadly disease","volume":"37","author":"Rados C","year":"2003","journal-title":"FDA Consum"}],"container-title":["The Journal of Pathology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1002%2Fpath.1560","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/pathsocjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/path.1560","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,21]],"date-time":"2025-10-21T17:44:26Z","timestamp":1761068666000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/pathsocjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/path.1560"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2004,5,7]]},"references-count":31,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2004,6]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/path.1560"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/path.1560","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0022-3417","1096-9896"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0022-3417","type":"print"},{"value":"1096-9896","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2004,5,7]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2004-01-14","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2004-02-12","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2004-05-07","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}