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A significant increase of CD1a<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\/Langerin<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> Langerhans cells, DC\u2010SIGN<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> DC and CD123<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\/BDCA2<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> plasmacytoid DCs (PDCs) was found in the epithelium and in the stroma of OLP biopsies compared to normal oral mucosa. A proportion of DCs were mature DC\u2010LAMP<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> and expressed S100 or CD11c, typically found in the interdigitating DCs of nodal T\u2010cell areas. Double staining revealed that mature DCs co\u2010expressed CCR7, thus indicating the development of a nodal migratory phenotype upon maturation. Significant recruitment of PDCs producing IFN\u2010\u03b1 was demonstrated by the expression of MxA within the lichenoid inflammatory infiltrate and close cell\u2010to\u2010cell contacts between PDCs and mature DCs were observed, with a significant correlation between the numbers of these two populations. Moreover, PDCs were also found to contain Granzyme\u2010B, an associated\u2010cytotoxic granule protein, inducing target cell apoptosis. Taken together, these results suggest that PDCs may promote maturation of DCs and amplify the cytotoxicity of lymphoid cells. Finally, the recruitment of different subtypes of DC, such as Langerhans cells, stromal DC\u2010SIGN<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> DCs and PDCs, associated with a significant proportion of mature DCs, acquiring a CCR7<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> \u2018migratory\u2019 phenotype, indicate that they may play a pivotal role in the development of the lichenoid inflammatory infiltrate that occurs typically in OLP. Copyright \u00a9 2005 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. 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