{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,7]],"date-time":"2026-02-07T15:32:28Z","timestamp":1770478348010,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2005,6,15]],"date-time":"2005-06-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1118793600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":6559,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["pathsocjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["The Journal of Pathology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1987,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>In a study of pancreases from 75 patients who died at presentation of Type I diabetes there was selective destruction of beta cells associated with islet inflammation (insulitis). According to a recent hypothesis, aberrant expression of Class II major histocompatibility complex (MHC) products on a target cell may allow presentation of organ specific surface antigen(s) to potentially autoreactive T helper lymphocytes and thus lead to autoimmunity. Aberrant expression of Class II MHC was demonstrated immunohistochemically on beta cells in 21 out of 23 patients with recent onset diabetes. No such expression was seen on the other pancreatic endocrine cells. Ninety\u2010four per cent of insulin\u2010containing islets in these patients had marked hyperexpressions of Class I MHC affecting all endocrine cells in these islets. Insulin deficient islets were not thus affected. Both these abnormalities of MHC expression appeared to precede insulitis within a given islet and appeared to be unique to Type I diabetes, being absent in pancreases of patients with Type II diabetes, chronic pancreatitis, cystic fibrosis, graft\u2010versus\u2010host disease and Coxackie B viral pancreatitis. The development of autoimmunity to beta cells in Type I diabetes may be a \u2018multistep\u2019 process in which abnormalities of MHC expression are crucial events.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/path.1711520302","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2005,6,22]],"date-time":"2005-06-22T10:52:21Z","timestamp":1119437541000},"page":"141-148","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":45,"title":["The pathogenesis of beta cell destruction in type I (insulin\u2010dependent) diabetes mellitus"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"152","author":[{"given":"Alan K.","family":"Foulis","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2005,6,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/diab.14.10.619"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/diab.20.6.424"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(76)92033-X"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.4.5887.260"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(85)91843-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_7_2","first-page":"837","article-title":"Myokarditis und Insulitis nach Coxsackie\u2014Virus\u2014Infekt","volume":"65","author":"Gladisch R","year":"1976","journal-title":"Zeitschrift f\u00fcr Kardiologie"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM197905243002102"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00282704"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/diab.27.1.S251"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00452061"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(81)92795-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00273904"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(83)90629-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/diab.31.4.S17"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00007890-198101000-00017"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM198508083130604"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/diab.35.11.1215"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_19_2","unstructured":"FoulisAK FarquharsonMA HardmanR.Aberrant expression of Class II MHC molecules by beta cells and hyperexpression of Class I MHC molecules by insulin containing islets in Type I (insulin\u2010dependent) diabetes mellitus.Diabetologia(in press)."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0167-5699(84)90135-X"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_21_2","first-page":"265","article-title":"Interferon\u2010\u03b3 induces HLA\u2010DR expression by thyroid epithelium","volume":"61","author":"Todd I","year":"1985","journal-title":"Clin Exper Immunol"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_22_2","first-page":"264","article-title":"Intrathyroid HLA\u2010DR expression and T lymphocyte phenotypes in Graves' thyrotoxicosis, Hashimoto's thyroiditis and nodular colloid goitre","volume":"58","author":"Jansson R","year":"1984","journal-title":"Clin & Exper Immunol"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_23_2","first-page":"132","article-title":"In situ immune complexes, lymphocyte subpopulations, and HLA\u2010DR\u2014positive epithelial cells in Hashimoto thyroiditis","volume":"52","author":"Aichinger G","year":"1985","journal-title":"Lab Invest"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem-62-6-1101"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_25_2","first-page":"128","article-title":"Differential expression and regulation of MHC products in the endocrine and exocrine cells of the human pancreas","volume":"65","author":"Pujol\u2010Borrell R","year":"1986","journal-title":"Clin Exper Immunol"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_26_2","volume-title":"Proceedings of Symposium on Immunology of Diabetes","author":"Pujol\u2010Borrell R"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_27_2","first-page":"132","article-title":"Recurrent diabetes mellitus in the pancreas iso\u2010and allograft. 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