{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T09:27:55Z","timestamp":1790242075824,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2005,3,17]],"date-time":"2005-03-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1111017600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"name":"BMBF"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100005156","name":"Alexander von Humboldt Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100005156","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["pathsocjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["The Journal of Pathology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2005,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    The diagnosis of mycobacterial infection depends on the Ziehl\u2013Neelsen (ZN) stain, which detects mycobacteria because of their characteristic acid\u2010fast cell wall composition and structure. The histological diagnosis of tuberculosis (TB) comprises various aspects: (1) sensitive detection of mycobacteria; (2) precise localization of mycobacteria in the context of granulomatous lesions; (3) \u2018staging\u2019 of disease according to mycobacterial spread and granulomatous tissue integrity. Thus, detection of minute numbers of acid\u2010fast bacteria in tissue specimens is critical. The conventional ZN stain fails to identify mycobacteria in numbers less than 10\n                    <jats:sup>4<\/jats:sup>\n                    per ml. Hence many infections evade diagnosis. PCR is highly sensitive, but allows neither localization within tissues nor staging of mycobacterial disease, and positive findings frequently do not correlate with disease. In this study, an anti\u2010\n                    <jats:italic>Mycobacterium bovis<\/jats:italic>\n                    bacille Calmette\u2013Gu\u00e9rin polyclonal antiserum (pAbBCG) was used to improve immunostaining, which was compared to the ZN stain in histological samples. Screening of tissue samples including lungs, pleural lesions, lymph nodes, bone marrow, and skin for mycobacterial infection revealed that pAbBCG staining detects infected macrophages harbouring intracellular mycobacteria or mycobacterial material as well as free mycobacteria that are present at low abundance and not detected by the ZN stain. The positive pAbBCG staining results were confirmed either by PCR analysis of microdissected stained tissue or by culture from tissue. This immunostaining approach allows precise localization of the pathogen in infected tissue. Copyright \u00a9 2005 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley &amp; Sons, Ltd.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/path.1728","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2005,3,17]],"date-time":"2005-03-17T12:16:53Z","timestamp":1111061813000},"page":"633-640","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":99,"title":["Modified immunohistological staining allows detection of Ziehl\u2013Neelsen\u2010negative\n                    <i>Mycobacterium tuberculosis<\/i>\n                    organisms and their precise localization in human 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