{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,17]],"date-time":"2026-10-17T04:23:15Z","timestamp":1792210995973,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2005,6,6]],"date-time":"2005-06-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1118016000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["pathsocjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["The Journal of Pathology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2005,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Extravillous trophoblasts (EVTs) invade and remodel uterine spiral arteries. Regulatory factors may include inherent vessel susceptibility, local oxygen levels and tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF\u03b1). We have used an <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic> model to investigate interstitial and endovascular invasion of myometrial spiral arteries from pregnant and non\u2010pregnant uteri and also omental arteries. To model endovascular invasion, fluorescent\u2010labelled EVTs were perfused into the lumen of these dissected vessels. For interstitial invasion, labelled EVTs were layered on top. Cultures were either maintained in 17% or 3% oxygen, or cultured with TNF\u03b1. The invasion of arteries from pregnant women occurred via both routes at 17% oxygen, with endovascular invasion more efficient than interstitial. In omental arteries and spiral arteries from non\u2010pregnant women, endovascular invasion was limited. Endovascular and interstitial invasion were lower in all arteries at 3% oxygen. Typically, endovascular events were clustered, with an associated disruption in the adjacent endothelium and smooth muscle. A role for TNF\u03b1 in limiting invasion was also supported. In conclusion, priming of uterine arteries may be necessary prior to EVT invasion. Oxygen is a sensitive regulator within this physiological model and increased invasion at higher pO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> may explain the homing of EVT to maternal arteries rather than veins. Adequate vascular transformation may therefore rely on a balance between vascular receptivity, oxygen partial pressure, and exposure to inflammatory mediators. Copyright \u00a9 2005 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley &amp; Sons, Ltd.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/path.1801","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2005,6,6]],"date-time":"2005-06-06T09:17:12Z","timestamp":1118049432000},"page":"476-485","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":51,"title":["The effect of vascular origin, oxygen, and tumour necrosis factor alpha on trophoblast invasion of maternal arteries <i>in vitro<\/i>"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"206","author":[{"given":"Ian P","family":"Crocker","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mark","family":"Wareing","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Glenn R","family":"Ferris","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carolyn 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