{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T06:14:25Z","timestamp":1791180865156,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2005,7,15]],"date-time":"2005-07-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1121385600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["pathsocjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["The Journal of Pathology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2005,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Recently, we identified increased cathepsin X expression in <jats:italic>H. pylori<\/jats:italic>\u2010infected gastric mucosa. Here, we describe further up\u2010regulation in gastric cancer and report on the role of inflammatory cytokines required for cathepsin X up\u2010regulation in <jats:italic>H. pylori<\/jats:italic>\u2010infected gastric mucosa, as well as on consequences for cellular invasion. Biopsy specimens were taken from the antrum, corpus and cardia of <jats:italic>H. pylori<\/jats:italic>\u2010infected and non\u2010infected patients. Gastric cancer samples were obtained from patients undergoing gastric surgery. Cathepsin X was detected in gastric mucosa by quantitative <jats:italic>real\u2010time<\/jats:italic> RT\u2010PCR, western blotting and immunohistochemistry. Induction of cathepsin X expression in epithelial and inflammatory cells caused by <jats:italic>H. pylori<\/jats:italic> infection was tested in <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic> contact and non\u2010contact co\u2010cultures of AGS cells and monocytic cells. Patients with <jats:italic>H. pylori<\/jats:italic> gastritis showed significantly higher cathepsin X mRNA (2.5\u2010fold) and protein (1.6\u2010fold) expression than <jats:italic>H. pylori<\/jats:italic>\u2010negative patients. Cathepsin X was also up\u2010regulated in gastric cancer (3\u201312\u2010fold) compared to non\u2010neoplastic mucosa. Cathepsin X was predominantly expressed by macrophages in the mucosal stroma and in glands of the antral mucosa. In addition, tumour cells stained for cathepsin X in 26 (68%) patients with gastric carcinoma. In general, staining was significantly more common (20 vs. 6 patients) and more intense (3.55 vs. 0.83) in intestinal type gastric cancer than in the diffuse type. <jats:italic>In vitro<\/jats:italic> cell culture experiments revealed that intercellular signalling between pathogenicity island (PAI)\u2010positive <jats:italic>H. pylori<\/jats:italic>\u2010infected epithelial cells and macrophages via soluble factors in the culture medium seems to be responsible for increased expression of cathepsin X in monocytes. Using antisense oligonucleotides, cathepsin X up\u2010regulation was directly associated with higher invasiveness <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>. Although no correlation of cathepsin X expression and TNM stage was found, our study demonstrates that cathepsin X plays a role not only in the chronic inflammation of gastric mucosa but also in the tumourigenesis of gastric cancer. Copyright \u00a9 2005 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley &amp; Sons, Ltd.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/path.1820","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2005,7,15]],"date-time":"2005-07-15T10:16:28Z","timestamp":1121422588000},"page":"32-42","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":88,"title":["Up\u2010regulation of cathepsin X in <i>Helicobacter pylori<\/i> gastritis and gastric 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