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Osteoclast differentiation was assessed by expression of tartrate\u2010resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) and vitronectin receptor (VNR), F\u2010actin ring formation and lacunar resorption. Osteoclast formation and lacunar resorption was seen in RANKL\u2010treated cultures of SF macrophages isolated from OA, RA and PPA joints with the largest amount of resorption noted in RA and PPA SF macrophage cultures. In TNF\u03b1\/IL\u20101\u03b1\u2010treated RA and PPA SF macrophage cultures, osteoclasts capable of lacunar resorption were also formed. Lacunar resorption was more extensive in RANKL than TNF\u03b1\/IL\u20101\u03b1\u2010treated cultures. These findings indicate that SF macrophages are capable of differentiating into mature osteoclasts capable of lacunar resorption. M\u2010CSF in combination with RANKL or TNF\u03b1\/IL\u20101\u03b1 was required for osteoclast formation. As inflammatory synovial fluids contain an increase in the number of macrophages and an increase in the amounts of RANKL, TNF\u03b1 and IL\u20101\u03b1, these findings suggest that one means whereby bone erosions may form in rheumatoid or crystal arthritis is by differentiation of synovial fluid macrophages into osteoclasts. Copyright \u00a9 2005 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley &amp; Sons, Ltd.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/path.1891","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2005,11,16]],"date-time":"2005-11-16T13:23:12Z","timestamp":1132147392000},"page":"35-43","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":86,"title":["Synovial fluid macrophages are capable of osteoclast formation and 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