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The human T\u2010cell leukaemia virus type 1 causes adult T\u2010cell leukaemia and the Epstein\u2013Barr virus is associated with Burkitt's lymphoma, lymphomas in immunosuppressed people, and Hodgkin lymphoma. The discovery of human herpesvirus type 8 has led to the identification of a rare and unusual group of virus\u2010associated lymphoproliferative diseases. Individuals infected with the human immunodeficiency virus are at greatly increased risk of developing lymphoma but here the mechanism of lymphomagenesis is indirect. Recent data suggest that hepatitis C virus infection is also associated with an increased incidence of lymphoma, whereas data relating to SV40 remain controversial. Copyright \u00a9 2006 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. 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