{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,21]],"date-time":"2026-09-21T15:55:20Z","timestamp":1790006120493,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2006,3,31]],"date-time":"2006-03-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1143763200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["pathsocjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["The Journal of Pathology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2006,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Infectious agents play a critical role in MALT lymphoma development. Studies from Italy showed <jats:italic>Chlamydia psittaci<\/jats:italic> infection in 87% of ocular adnexal MALT lymphomas and complete or partial regression of the lymphoma after <jats:italic>C. psittaci<\/jats:italic> eradication in four of nine cases. However, <jats:italic>C. psittaci<\/jats:italic> was not demonstrated in ocular adnexal MALT lymphomas from the USA. This study was thus designed to investigate further the role of <jats:italic>C. psittaci<\/jats:italic>, and other infectious agents commonly associated with chronic eye disease, in the development of ocular adnexal MALT lymphoma. The presence of <jats:italic>C. psittaci<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>C. trachomatis<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>C. pneumoniae<\/jats:italic>, herpes simplex virus 1 and 2 (HSV1, HSV2), and adenovirus 8 and 19 (ADV8, ADV19) was assessed separately by polymerase chain reaction in 142 ocular adnexal MALT lymphomas, 53 non\u2010marginal zone lymphomas, and 51 ocular adnexal biopsies without a lymphoproliferative disorder (LPD), from six geographical regions. <jats:italic>C. psittaci<\/jats:italic> was detected at similar low frequencies in non\u2010LPD and non\u2010marginal zone lymphoma groups from different geographical regions (0\u201314%). Overall, the prevalence of <jats:italic>C. psittaci<\/jats:italic> was significantly higher in MALT lymphomas (22%) than in non\u2010LPD (10%, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> = 0.042) and non\u2010marginal zone lymphoma cases (9%, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> = 0.033). However, the prevalence of <jats:italic>C. psittaci<\/jats:italic> infection in MALT lymphoma showed marked variation among the six geographical regions examined, being most frequent in Germany (47%), followed by the East Coast of the USA (35%) and the Netherlands (29%), but relatively low in Italy (13%), the UK (12%), and Southern China (11%). No significant differences in the detection of <jats:italic>C. pneumoniae<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>C. trachomatis<\/jats:italic>, HSV1, HSV2, ADV8, and ADV19 were found between lymphomas and controls from different geographical regions. In conclusion, our results show that <jats:italic>C. psittaci<\/jats:italic>, but not <jats:italic>C. pneumoniae<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>C. trachomatis<\/jats:italic>, HSV1, HSV2, ADV8 or ADV19, is associated with ocular adnexal MALT lymphoma and that this association is variable in different geographical areas. Copyright \u00a9 2006 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. 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