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We hypothesized that this may be mediated by excess production of tumour necrosis factor\u2010\u03b1 (TNF\u2010\u03b1) and interleukin\u20101\u03b2 (IL\u20101\u03b2) by microglia. One\u2010day\u2010old Wistar rats were subjected to hypoxia for 2 h and the expression of TNF\u2010\u03b1 and IL\u20101\u03b2 and their receptors was determined in the retina. The mRNA and protein expression of TNF\u2010\u03b1, IL\u20101\u03b2, TNF\u2010receptor 1 (TNF\u2010R<jats:sub>1<\/jats:sub>), and IL\u20101 receptor 1 (IL\u20101R<jats:sub>1<\/jats:sub>) and the tissue concentration of TNF\u2010\u03b1 and IL\u20101\u03b2 were up\u2010regulated significantly after the hypoxic exposure. TNF\u2010\u03b1 and IL\u20101\u03b2 immunoreactivity was localized in microglial cells, whereas that of TNF\u2010R<jats:sub>1<\/jats:sub> and IL\u20101R<jats:sub>1<\/jats:sub> was restricted to RGCs, as confirmed by double immunofluorescence labelling. Along with this, increased expression of monocyte chemoattractant protein\u20101 and its receptor CCR2 was detected in the microglia. Primary cultured microglia subjected to hypoxia showed enhanced release of TNF\u2010\u03b1 and IL\u20101\u03b2. Primary cultured retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) treated with conditioned medium derived from hypoxic microglia showed enhanced apoptosis, which was significantly reduced when the cells were treated with microglia conditioned medium neutralized with TNF\u2010\u03b1\/IL\u20101\u03b2 antibody. Our results suggest that activated microglial cells in hypoxic neonatal retina produce increased amounts of TNF\u2010\u03b1 and IL\u20101\u03b2 that could induce RGC death. Copyright \u00a9 2011 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. 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