{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,20]],"date-time":"2026-05-20T16:08:00Z","timestamp":1779293280359,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2011,4,19]],"date-time":"2011-04-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1303171200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"name":"Re-use of this article is permitted in accordance with the Terms and Conditions set out at . [http:\/\/wileyonlinelibrary.com\/onlineopen#OnlineOpen_Terms]"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["pathsocjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["The Journal of Pathology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>The term \u2018field cancerization\u2019 is used to describe an epithelial surface that has a propensity to develop cancerous lesions, and in the case of the aerodigestive tract this is often as a result of chronic exposure to carcinogens in cigarette smoke , . The clinical endpoint is the development of multiple tumours, either simultaneously or sequentially in the same epithelial surface. The mechanisms underlying this process remain unclear; one possible explanation is that the epithelium is colonized by a clonal population of cells that are at increased risk of progression to cancer. We now address this possibility in a short case series, using individual genomic events as molecular biomarkers of clonality. In squamous lung cancer the most common genomic aberration is 3q amplification. We use a digital PCR technique to assess the clonal relationships between multiple biopsies in a longitudinal bronchoscopic study, using amplicon boundaries as markers of clonality. We demonstrate that clonality can readily be defined by these analyses and confirm that field cancerization occurs at a pre\u2010invasive stage and that pre\u2010invasive lesions and subsequent cancers are clonally related. We show that while the amplicon boundaries can be shared between different biopsies, the degree of 3q amplification and the internal structure of the 3q amplicon varies from lesion to lesion. Finally, in this small cohort, the degree of 3q amplification corresponds to clinical progression. Copyright \u00a9 2011 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley &amp; Sons, Ltd.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/path.2887","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,3,7]],"date-time":"2011-03-07T10:28:28Z","timestamp":1299493708000},"page":"153-159","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Genomic evidence of pre\u2010invasive clonal expansion, dispersal and progression in bronchial dysplasia"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"224","author":[{"given":"Frank","family":"McCaughan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Christodoulos P","family":"Pipinikas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sam M","family":"Janes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"P 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