{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]],"date-time":"2026-09-25T19:57:29Z","timestamp":1790366249990,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2012,9,28]],"date-time":"2012-09-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1348790400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["pathsocjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["The Journal of Pathology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Congenital heart defects (CHDs) are the most prevalent human birth defects. More than 85% of CHDs are thought to result from a combination of genetic susceptibilities and environmental stress. However, the stress\u2010related signalling pathways involved remain largely unknown. The p53 transcription factor is a key tumour suppressor and a central regulator of the cellular stress responses. p53 activities are tightly regulated by its inhibitors Mdm2 and Mdm4 at the post\u2010translational level. Here we used the Cre\u2013loxP system to delete <jats:italic>Mdm2<\/jats:italic> (<jats:italic>Tie2Cre;Mdm2<\/jats:italic><jats:sup><jats:italic>FM<\/jats:italic>\/<jats:italic>FM<\/jats:italic><\/jats:sup>) or one copy of both <jats:italic>Mdm2<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>Mdm4<\/jats:italic> (<jats:italic>Tie2Cre;Mdm2<\/jats:italic><jats:sup><jats:italic>FM<\/jats:italic>\/+<\/jats:sup><jats:italic>; Mdm4<\/jats:italic><jats:sup>+\/\u2212<\/jats:sup>) in endothelial\/endocardial cells and their derivatives in mice to examine the regulation of the p53\/Mdm2\u2013Mdm4 pathway during vascular and cardiovascular development. The <jats:italic>Tie2Cre;Mdm2<\/jats:italic><jats:sup><jats:italic>FM<\/jats:italic>\/<jats:italic>FM<\/jats:italic><\/jats:sup> mice died before embryonic day 10.5 (E10.5) and displayed severe vascular defects. On the other hand, the <jats:italic>Tie2Cre;Mdm2<\/jats:italic><jats:sup><jats:italic>FM<\/jats:italic>\/+<\/jats:sup><jats:italic>; Mdm4<\/jats:italic><jats:sup>+\/\u2212<\/jats:sup> mice displayed atrial and ventricular septal defects (ASD, VSD) of the heart, leading to severe heart dysfunction and postnatal death. During cardiac endocardial cushion morphogenesis, p53 activation was associated with defects in both the epithelial\u2010mesenchymal transition (EMT) of the endocardial cells and the post\u2010EMT proliferation of the mesenchymal cells, and the valvuloseptal phenotypes of the <jats:italic>Tie2Cre;Mdm2<\/jats:italic><jats:sup><jats:italic>FM<\/jats:italic>\/+<\/jats:sup><jats:italic>; Mdm4<\/jats:italic><jats:sup>+\/\u2212<\/jats:sup> mice were fully rescued by deletion of one copy of p53. Strikingly, maternal exposure to low\u2010dose X\u2010rays in <jats:italic>C57BL\/6<\/jats:italic> mice mimicked the congenital heart malformations seen in the <jats:italic>Tie2Cre;Mdm2<\/jats:italic><jats:sup><jats:italic>FM<\/jats:italic>\/+<\/jats:sup><jats:italic>; Mdm4<\/jats:italic><jats:sup>+\/\u2212<\/jats:sup> model, which was also dependent on p53 status, establishing a link between maternal exposures and CHD susceptibility through the p53 pathway. These data revealed a new regulatory mechanism in cardiac endocardial cushion morphogenesis and suggested a possible cause of CHDs due to environmental stress. Copyright \u00a9 2012 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley &amp; Sons, Ltd.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/path.4077","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,7,20]],"date-time":"2012-07-20T20:18:32Z","timestamp":1342815512000},"page":"416-428","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":31,"title":["Synergistic regulation of p53 by Mdm2 and Mdm4 is critical in cardiac endocardial cushion morphogenesis during heart 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