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Each olfactory receptor neuron projects a dendrite into the nasal cavity on the apical side, and on the basal side extends its axon through the cribriform plate into the olfactory bulb of the brain. Viruses that can use the olfactory nerve as a shortcut into the\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CNS<\/jats:styled-content>\n                    include influenza A virus, herpesviruses, poliovirus, paramyxoviruses, vesicular stomatitis virus, rabies virus, parainfluenza virus, adenoviruses, Japanese encephalitis virus, West Nile virus, chikungunya virus, La Crosse virus, mouse hepatitis virus, and bunyaviruses. However, mechanisms of transport via the olfactory nerve and subsequent spread through the\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CNS<\/jats:styled-content>\n                    are poorly understood. Proposed mechanisms are either infection of olfactory receptor neurons themselves or diffusion through channels formed by olfactory ensheathing cells. Subsequent virus spread through the\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CNS<\/jats:styled-content>\n                    could occur by multiple mechanisms, including trans\u2010synaptic transport and microfusion. Viral infection of the\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CNS<\/jats:styled-content>\n                    can lead to damage from infection of nerve cells\n                    <jats:italic>per se<\/jats:italic>\n                    , from the immune response, or from a combination of both. Clinical consequences range from nervous dysfunction in the absence of histopathological changes to severe meningoencephalitis and neurodegenerative disease. Copyright \u00a9 2014 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. 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