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It may develop following the treatment of several cancers by radiotherapy when normal colorectal tissues are present in the irradiation field. There is no unified approach for the assessment and treatment of this disease, partly due to insufficient knowledge about the mechanism involved in the development of radiation proctitis. However, unresolved inflammation is hypothesized to have an important role in late side effects. This study aimed to analyse the involvement of specific immunity in colorectal damage developing after localized irradiation, and evaluate the benefit of immunomodulatory mesenchymal stromal cells isolated from adipose tissue (Ad\u2010<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">MSCs<\/jats:styled-content>) for reduction of late side effects. Our experimental model of colorectal irradiation induced severe colonic mucosal damage and fibrosis that was associated with T\u2010cell infiltration. Immune cell activation was investigated; adoptive transfer of T cells in nude rats showed stronger colonization by T cells isolated from irradiated rats. The predominant role of T cells in late radiation\u2010induced damage and regeneration processes was highlighted by <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic> depletion experiments. Treatments using Ad\u2010<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">MSCs<\/jats:styled-content> reduced T\u2010cell infiltration in the colon and reduced established colonic damage as measured by histological score, functional circular muscle contractibility, and collagen deposition. Here, we have demonstrated for the first time the predominance of the <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">TH17<\/jats:styled-content> population compared to <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">TH1<\/jats:styled-content> and <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">TH2<\/jats:styled-content> in radiation\u2010induced bowel disease, and that this is reduced after Ad\u2010<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">MSC<\/jats:styled-content> treatment. Additionally, we demonstrated <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic> that <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">IL17<\/jats:styled-content> acts directly on colonic smooth muscle cells to induce expression of pro\u2010inflammatory genes that could participate in the development of radiation\u2010induced injury. Our data demonstrate that the <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">TH17<\/jats:styled-content> population is specifically induced during development of radiation\u2010induced side effects in the colon. Moreover, Ad\u2010<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">MSC<\/jats:styled-content> treatment modulates the <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">TH17<\/jats:styled-content> population and reduces the extracellular matrix remodelling process induced following irradiation. Copyright \u00a9 2015 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley &amp; Sons, Ltd.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/path.4590","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,7,16]],"date-time":"2015-07-16T01:37:37Z","timestamp":1437010657000},"page":"435-446","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":46,"title":["<scp>TH17<\/scp> predominant T\u2010cell responses in radiation\u2010induced bowel disease are modulated by treatment with adipose\u2010derived mesenchymal stromal cells"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"237","author":[{"given":"Rapha\u00eblle","family":"Bessout","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut de Radioprotection et de S\u00fbret\u00e9 Nucl\u00e9aire (IRSN) PRP\u2010HOM, SRBE, LR2I  Fontenay\u2010aux\u2010Roses France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christelle","family":"Demarquay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut de Radioprotection et de S\u00fbret\u00e9 Nucl\u00e9aire (IRSN) 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