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Although <jats:italic>Helicobacter pylori<\/jats:italic> is typically undetectable in <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">LyG<\/jats:styled-content>, patients respond to <jats:italic>H. pylori<\/jats:italic> antibiotic eradication therapy, suggesting a non\u2010<jats:italic>H. pylori<\/jats:italic> microbial trigger for the disease. Comparative microbiota analysis of specimens from <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">LyG<\/jats:styled-content>, <jats:italic>H. pylori<\/jats:italic> gastritis and healthy controls precluded involvement of <jats:italic>H. pylori<\/jats:italic> in <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">LyG<\/jats:styled-content> but identified <jats:italic>Propionibacterium acnes<\/jats:italic> as a possible disease trigger. In addition, the natural killer group 2 member D (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">NKG2D<\/jats:styled-content>) system and the proinflammatory cytokine interleukin (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">IL<\/jats:styled-content>)\u201015 are significantly upregulated in the gastric mucosa of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">LyG<\/jats:styled-content> patients, and gastric epithelial cells respond to microbe\u2010derived stimuli, including live <jats:italic>P. acnes<\/jats:italic> and the microbial products short\u2010chain fatty acids, with induction of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">NKG2D<\/jats:styled-content> ligands. In contrast, <jats:italic>H. pylori<\/jats:italic> infection does not activate or even repress <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">NKG2D<\/jats:styled-content> ligands. Together, our findings identify <jats:italic>P. acnes<\/jats:italic> as a possible causative agent for <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">LyG<\/jats:styled-content>, which is dependent on the <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">NKG2D<\/jats:styled-content> system and <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">IL<\/jats:styled-content>\u201015 activation. \u00a9 2016 The Authors. <jats:italic>The Journal of Pathology<\/jats:italic> published by John Wiley &amp; Sons Ltd on behalf of Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/path.4782","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,8,19]],"date-time":"2016-08-19T05:26:44Z","timestamp":1471584404000},"page":"425-436","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":44,"title":["<i>Propionibacterium acnes<\/i> overabundance and natural killer group 2 member D system activation in corpus\u2010dominant lymphocytic 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