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However, understanding of the mechanism of LNG\u2010induced reduction in the ciliary beat frequency (CBF) is limited. The transient receptor potential vanilloid (TRPV) 4 channel is located widely in the female reproductive tract and generates an influx of Ca<jats:sup>2+<\/jats:sup> following its activation under normal physiological conditions, which regulates the CBF. The present study aimed to explore whether LNG reduced the CBF in the Fallopian tubes by modulating TRPV4 channels, leading to embryo retention in the Fallopian tubes and subsequent tubal pregnancy. The study provided evidence that the expression of TRPV4 was downregulated in the Fallopian tubes among patients with tubal pregnancy and negatively correlated with the serum level of progesterone. LNG downregulated the expression of TRPV4, limiting the calcium influx to reduce the CBF in mouse oviducts. Furthermore, the distribution of ciliated cells and the morphology of cilia did not change following the administration of LNG. LNG\u2010induced reduction in the CBF and embryo retention in the Fallopian tubes and in mouse oviducts were partially reversed by the progesterone receptor antagonist RU486 or the TRPV4 agonist 4\u03b1\u2010phorbol 12,13\u2010didecanoate (4\u03b1\u2010PDD). The results indicated that LNG could downregulate the expression of TRPV4 to reduce the CBF in both humans and mice, suggesting the possible mechanism of tubal pregnancy. \u00a9 2019 The Authors. <jats:italic>The Journal of Pathology published<\/jats:italic> by John Wiley &amp; Sons Ltd on behalf of Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/path.5233","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,11]],"date-time":"2019-01-11T05:01:33Z","timestamp":1547182893000},"page":"77-87","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["TRPV4 is involved in levonorgestrel\u2010induced reduction in oviduct ciliary beating"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"248","author":[{"given":"Cheng","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"International Peace Maternity and Child Health Hospital Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine  Shanghai PR China"},{"name":"Shanghai 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