{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T19:43:31Z","timestamp":1791315811704,"version":"4.3.1"},"reference-count":175,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,1]],"date-time":"2021-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1617235200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["pathsocjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["The Journal of Pathology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>The human microbiome is essential for the correct functioning of many host physiological processes, including metabolic regulation and immune responses. Increasing evidence indicates that the microbiome may also influence cancer development, progression, and the response to therapy. Although most studies have focused on the effect of the gut microbiome, many other organs such as the skin, vagina, and lungs harbor their own microbiomes that are different from the gut. Tumor development has been associated with dysbiosis not only in the gut but also in the tissue from which the tumor originated. Furthermore, the intratumoral microbiota has a distinct signature in each tumor type. Here, we review the mechanisms by which the organ\u2010specific microbiome can contribute to carcinogenesis: release of toxins that cause DNA damage and barrier failure; alteration of immune responses to create a local inflammatory or immunosuppressive environment; and regulation of nutrient levels in the tumor microenvironment through metabolite production and consumption. Solving the puzzle of how the microbiome influences the carcinogenesis process and treatment response requires an understanding of the two ways the microbiome can interact with cancer cells and the tumor microenvironment: through systemic effects exerted by the gut microbiota and local effects of the intratumoral microbiota. \u00a9 2021 The Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley &amp; Sons, Ltd.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/path.5661","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,15]],"date-time":"2021-03-15T21:50:49Z","timestamp":1615845049000},"page":"332-343","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":53,"title":["The microbiome(s) and cancer: know thy neighbor(s)"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"254","author":[{"given":"Paloma","family":"Gonz\u00e1lez\u2010S\u00e1nchez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cancer Physiology H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute  Tampa FL USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6611-6696","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gina M","family":"DeNicola","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cancer Physiology H. 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