{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,11]],"date-time":"2026-09-11T03:15:13Z","timestamp":1789096513411,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":81,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,13]],"date-time":"2021-12-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1639353600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100008637","name":"Center for Strategic Scientific Initiatives, National Cancer Institute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NIH\u2010R00 CA127462 (FB)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NIH\u2010R00 CA127462 (FB)"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100008637","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["pathsocjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["The Journal of Pathology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,2]]},"abstract":"Abstract<\/jats:title>Due to widespread adoption of screening mammography, there has been a significant increase in new diagnoses of ductal carcinoma in situ<\/jats:italic> (DCIS). However, DCIS prognosis remains unclear. To address this gap, we developed an in vivo<\/jats:italic> model, Mouse\u2010INtraDuctal (MIND), in which patient\u2010derived DCIS epithelial cells are injected intraductally and allowed to progress naturally in mice. Similar to human DCIS, the cancer cells formed in situ<\/jats:italic> lesions inside the mouse mammary ducts and mimicked all histologic subtypes including micropapillary, papillary, cribriform, solid, and comedo. Among 37 patient samples injected into 202 xenografts, at median duration of 9\u2009months, 20 samples (54%) injected into 95 xenografts showed in vivo<\/jats:italic> invasive progression, while 17 (46%) samples injected into 107 xenografts remained non\u2010invasive. Among the 20 samples that showed invasive progression, nine samples injected into 54 xenografts exhibited a mixed pattern in which some xenografts showed invasive progression while others remained non\u2010invasive. Among the clinically relevant biomarkers, only elevated progesterone receptor expression in patient DCIS and the extent of in vivo<\/jats:italic> growth in xenografts predicted an invasive outcome. The Tempus XT assay was used on 16 patient DCIS formalin\u2010fixed, paraffin\u2010embedded sections including eight DCISs that showed invasive progression, five DCISs that remained non\u2010invasive, and three DCISs that showed a mixed pattern in the xenografts. Analysis of the frequency of cancer\u2010related pathogenic mutations among the groups showed no significant differences (KW: p<\/jats:italic>\u00a0>\u20090.05). There were also no differences in the frequency of high, moderate, or low severity mutations (KW; p<\/jats:italic>\u00a0>\u20090.05). These results suggest that genetic changes in the DCIS are not the primary driver for the development of invasive disease. \u00a9 2021 The Authors. The Journal of Pathology<\/jats:italic> published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of The Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/path.5820","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,29]],"date-time":"2021-10-29T09:07:52Z","timestamp":1635498472000},"page":"186-201","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":24,"title":["Mouse\u2010INtraDuctal<\/scp> (MIND<\/scp>): an in vivo<\/i> model for studying the underlying mechanisms of DCIS<\/scp> malignancy"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"256","author":[{"given":"Yan","family":"Hong","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine The University of Kansas Medical Center Kansas City KS USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Darlene","family":"Limback","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine The 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