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The role the tumour microenvironment (TME) plays in determining tumour progression is complex and not fully understood. To improve our understanding, it is critical that the TME is studied systematically within clinically annotated patient cohorts with long\u2010term follow\u2010up. Here we studied the TME in three clinical cohorts of metastatic CRC with diverse molecular subtype and treatment history. The MISSONI cohort included cases with microsatellite instability that received immunotherapy (\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u200959, 24 months median follow\u2010up). The BRAF cohort included BRAF V600E mutant microsatellite stable (MSS) cancers (\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u2009141, 24 months median follow\u2010up). The VALENTINO cohort included RAS\/RAF WT MSS cases who received chemotherapy and anti\u2010EGFR therapy (\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u2009175, 32 months median follow\u2010up). Using a Deep learning cell classifier, trained upon &gt;38,000 pathologist annotations, to detect eight cell types within H&amp;E\u2010stained sections of CRC, we quantified the spatial tissue organisation and colocalisation of cell types across these cohorts. We found that the ratio of infiltrating endothelial cells to cancer cells, a possible marker of vascular invasion, was an independent predictor of progression\u2010free survival (PFS) in the BRAF+MISSONI cohort (\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20090.033, HR\u2009=\u20091.44, CI\u2009=\u20091.029\u20132.01). In the VALENTINO cohort, this pattern was also an independent PFS predictor in\n                    <jats:italic>TP53<\/jats:italic>\n                    mutant patients (\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20090.009, HR\u2009=\u20090.59, CI\u2009=\u20090.40\u20130.88). Tumour\u2010infiltrating lymphocytes were an independent predictor of PFS in BRAF+MISSONI (\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20090.016, HR\u2009=\u20090.36, CI\u2009=\u20090.153\u20130.83). Elevated tumour\u2010infiltrating macrophages were predictive of improved PFS in the MISSONI cohort (\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20090.031). We validated our cell classification using highly multiplexed immunofluorescence for 17 markers applied to the same sections that were analysed by the classifier (\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u200926 cases). These findings uncovered important microenvironmental factors that underpin treatment response across and within CRC molecular subtypes, while providing an atlas of the distribution of 180 million cells in 375 clinically annotated CRC patients. \u00a9 2025 The Author(s).\n                    <jats:italic>The Journal of Pathology<\/jats:italic>\n                    published by John Wiley &amp; Sons Ltd on behalf of The Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/path.6378","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,9]],"date-time":"2025-01-09T20:00:51Z","timestamp":1736452851000},"page":"198-210","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Computational pathology applied to clinical colorectal cancer cohorts identifies immune and endothelial cell spatial patterns predictive of outcome"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"265","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8596-0996","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nicholas","family":"Trahearn","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Evolution and Cancer The Institute of Cancer Research  London UK"},{"name":"UCL Cancer Institute UCL  London, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chirine","family":"Sakr","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Evolution and Cancer The Institute of Cancer Research  London UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abhirup","family":"Banerjee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Barts Cancer Institute Queen Mary University of London  London UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Seung Hyun","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Evolution and Cancer The Institute of Cancer Research  London UK"},{"name":"Systems Oncology group, Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute The University of Manchester  Manchester UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8905-9137","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ann\u2010Marie","family":"Baker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Evolution and Cancer The Institute of Cancer Research  London UK"},{"name":"Barts Cancer Institute Queen Mary University of London  London UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6771-1905","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hemant M","family":"Kocher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Barts Cancer Institute Queen Mary University of London  London UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Valentina","family":"Angerilli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine (DIMED) University of Padua  Padua 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