{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,4]],"date-time":"2026-10-04T18:05:34Z","timestamp":1791137134759,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2001,8,29]],"date-time":"2001-08-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":999043200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["pathsocjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["The Journal of Pathology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2001,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Heavy metals used in medical prostheses or present in water supplies or tobacco can build up in tissues and blood and are well known to produce toxic effects. Normally, legislative controls on the levels of these substances are determined by reference to the acute toxicity data. This paper shows that cadmium and nickel can produce delayed effects in human cells\n                    <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                    , which are characteristic of genomic instability. The effects occur even at levels where no acute toxic effects can be demonstrated. Genomic instability can be demonstrated by persistent induction of cytogenetic abnormalities and delayed cell death in progeny of cells many generations after exposure. Formerly, this syndrome has only been definitively proven to occur following irradiation, but in these experiments cell populations exposed for only 1 or 24\u2009hours were expanded over several months, involving eight passages, and the yield of chromosomal aberrations and cell loss due to lethal mutations did not decrease. The consequences of this genomic instability are not yet known but it is possible that many of the systemic symptoms associated with exposure to low concentrations of these metals could involve delayed expression of cellular damage. It is also clear that these effects cannot be predicted from acute toxicity data. Copyright \u00a9 2001 John Wiley &amp; Sons, Ltd.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/path.950","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2005,1,23]],"date-time":"2005-01-23T20:49:37Z","timestamp":1106513377000},"page":"293-299","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":112,"title":["Heavy metals of relevance to human health induce genomic instability"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"195","author":[{"given":"Natasha","family":"Coen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carmel","family":"Mothersill","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Munira","family":"Kadhim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"E. G.","family":"Wright","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2001,8,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_2","first-page":"1","article-title":"The differential effects of cadmium exposure on the growth and survival of primary and established cells from fish and mammals","volume":"2","author":"Lyons\u2010Alcantara M","year":"1995","journal-title":"Cell Biol Toxicol"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0278-6915(97)00063-X"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2106\/00004623-199810000-00006"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_5_2","volume-title":"IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, Beryllium, Cadmium, Mercury and Exposures in the Glass Manufacturing Industry","year":"1996"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00003086-199608001-00020"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1302\/0301-620X.76B5.8083255"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_8_2","unstructured":"IARC.IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans Supplement 7 Overall Evaluation of Carcinogenicity. An updating of the IARC Monographs vols 1\u201342 1987."},{"key":"e_1_2_6_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0142-9612(97)00041-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_10_2","first-page":"387","article-title":"The effects of metal corrosion debris on immune system cells","volume":"83","author":"Donatie ME","year":"1998","journal-title":"Chir Organi Mov"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0889-8561(05)70323-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00043764-199612000-00007"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-1110(81)90035-X"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_14_2","volume-title":"Nickel and Nickel Compounds","year":"1990"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/09553008614550541"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/3579027"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/095530098140934"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/09553009514550341"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/355738a0"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/095530098140925"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s004110050040"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.95.10.5730"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.96.9.4959"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1520-6823(1997)5:3<106::AID-ROI4>3.0.CO;2-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/09553009414550961"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/carcin\/17.8.1633"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_6_27_2","first-page":"143","article-title":"Radiation\u2010induced chromosomal instability in human fibroblasts: temporal effects and the influence of radiation quality","volume":"73","author":"Kadhim MA","year":"1997","journal-title":"Int J Rad Biol"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.103.5.653"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/095530098140925"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/3579454"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/095530097143590"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/07357909509031921"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/carcin\/17.8.1633"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0891-5849(94)90246-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00156151"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/3577917"},{"issue":"6","key":"e_1_2_6_37_2","first-page":"715","article-title":"Lethal mutations and genomic instability","volume":"71","author":"Mothersill C","year":"1997","journal-title":"Int J Rad Biol"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_38_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/095530097143824"},{"issue":"10","key":"e_1_2_6_39_2","first-page":"2107","article-title":"Genomic instability induced by high and low let ionizing radiation","volume":"25","author":"Limoli CL","year":"2000","journal-title":"Life Sci: Micrograv Space Rad Effects"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_40_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/carcin\/20.12.2273"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_41_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/095530098140943"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_42_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(94)91643-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_43_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/3579411"}],"container-title":["The Journal of Pathology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1002%2Fpath.950","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/pathsocjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/path.950","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,21]],"date-time":"2025-10-21T16:53:58Z","timestamp":1761065638000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/pathsocjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/path.950"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2001,8,29]]},"references-count":42,"aliases":["10.1002\/path.950.abs"],"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2001,10]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/path.950"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/path.950","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0022-3417","1096-9896"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0022-3417","type":"print"},{"value":"1096-9896","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2001,8,29]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2000-11-08","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2001-05-03","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2001-08-29","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}