{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,12]],"date-time":"2026-06-12T15:28:41Z","timestamp":1781278121891,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2004,11,22]],"date-time":"2004-11-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1101081600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pediatric Blood &amp; Cancer"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2005,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title><jats:p>The aim was to examine the immune reconstitution after current chemotherapy for childhood ALL, with a special focus on finding immunologic variables that predict a poor immune response to vaccinations.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Procedure<\/jats:title><jats:p>In a cross\u2010sectional study of 31 children after treatment with the NOPHO ALL\u20101992 protocol peripheral blood lymphocyte subsets, T\u2010 and B\u2010cell function in vitro and serum immunoglobulins (Ig) were measured. All patients were examined once, at 1 or at 6 months after cessation of chemotherapy, immediately before vaccination with DT and Hib.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Lymphocytes, T\u2010cells, and CD4<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> T\u2010cells were low at 6 months after treatment. Na\u00efve T\u2010cell subsets were more reduced than memory subsets. In the high risk (HR) ALL group, CD8<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> T\u2010cells were reduced at 6 months. NK\u2010cells were low at 1 month, but normal at 6 months; however, the CD3<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>CD56<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> (NKT) subset was reduced at both time points. Total B\u2010cell number was low at 1 month, but normal at 6 months. A relative increase of CD5<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> B\u2010cells (B\u20101 cells) was evident, particularly in the HR group. Antigen\u2010independent T\u2010 and B\u2010cell function in vitro were affected at 1 month, but virtually normalized at 6 months. Serum IgM level was decreased at 1 month and IgG3 level was increased at 1 and 6 months.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>This study shows that immune reconstitution after childhood ALL is slower than previously reported and emphasizes the influence of treatment intensity. The most intensively treated patients still have persistent abnormalities in T\u2010, B\u2010, and NK\u2010cell subsets at 6 months post therapy and show a poor response to immunization with T\u2010cell dependent antigens. In the HR group, routine re\u2010immunizations before this time point are of limited benefit, and the effect of repeated vaccinations should be evaluated. \u00a9 2004 Wiley\u2010Liss, Inc.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/pbc.20255","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2004,11,23]],"date-time":"2004-11-23T10:23:32Z","timestamp":1101205412000},"page":"461-468","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":77,"title":["Immune reconstitution after childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia is most severely affected in the high risk group"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"44","author":[{"given":"Torben","family":"Ek","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lotta","family":"Mellander","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bengt","family":"Andersson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jonas","family":"Abrahamsson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2004,11,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00043426-199709000-00001"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00043426-200001000-00003"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199501193320303"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.V89.10.3700"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-0142(19920315)69:6<1481::AID-CNCR2820690628>3.0.CO;2-L"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/08880019409141671"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mpo.2950240607"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00043426-199809000-00008"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1151","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1651-2227.1998.tb00923.x","article-title":"Intensified treatment of acute childhood lymphoblastic leukaemia has improved prognosis, especially in non\u2010high\u2010risk patients: The Nordic experience of 2648 patients diagnosed between 1981 and 1996. 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