{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,11]],"date-time":"2026-02-11T15:37:22Z","timestamp":1770824242384,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":15,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2010,1,5]],"date-time":"2010-01-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1262649600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pediatric Blood &amp; Cancer"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2010,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background and objectives<\/jats:title><jats:p>Intraoperative evaluation of surgical specimens by frozen sections (IOE) is required to distinguish benign and malignant lesions, assess surgical margins, and determine sample adequacy of biopsies. In the last years, it has been used also for therapeutic decisions, particularly in children, who may need other ancillary procedures, in case of malignancies. Our purpose was the evaluation of diagnostic accuracy, limits, and different role of IOE in pediatric pathology.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Patients and methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>From 1990 to 2001, 416 IOEs were performed in 341 children, affected by lymph node pathology, soft tissue tumors, neuroblastic tumors, gonadal germ cell, and stromal tumors, hepatic lesions, renal tumors, and others; the technique was also used to assess surgical margins during major surgeries. IOEs were obtained from Tru\u2010cut biopsies (&lt;1\u2009cm<jats:sup>3<\/jats:sup>), wide biopsies (&gt;1\u2009cm<jats:sup>3<\/jats:sup>), or from the whole lesions, and the subsequent final diagnoses were classified as concordant, discordant, and deferred.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Three hundred seventy cases (88.9%) were concordant, 10 (2.4%) discordant, and 36 (8.6%) deferred. The disagreement was found in two small lymph node samples, three soft tissue tumors, one hepatoblastoma, one metastasis, and three surgical margins. The deferred diagnoses were related to lymph node and soft tissue lesions.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>IOE in pediatric oncology may integrate the diagnostic process and supports the therapeutic guidelines of different tumors. In our study, the diagnostic concordance was satisfactory. A rational use of the technique and the awareness of its limits are, however, prerequisites to avoid the risk of overtreatment. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2010;54:388\u2013393. \u00a9 2010 Wiley\u2010Liss, Inc.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/pbc.22309","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2010,1,5]],"date-time":"2010-01-05T22:31:51Z","timestamp":1262730711000},"page":"388-393","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Intraoperative examination (IOE) in pediatric extracranial tumors"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"54","author":[{"given":"Patrizia","family":"Dall'Igna","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Emanuele S.G.","family":"d'Amore","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Giovanni","family":"Cecchetto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gianni","family":"Bisogno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Elena","family":"Carretto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Stefania","family":"Bitetti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Barbara","family":"Famengo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rita","family":"Alaggio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2010,1,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_5_2_2","first-page":"60","article-title":"The use of frozen section in cancer diagnosis","volume":"104","author":"Jennings ER","year":"1957","journal-title":"Surg Gynecol Obstet"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_3_2","first-page":"804","article-title":"Interinstitutional comparison of frozen section consultations. 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A college of american pathologists Q\u2010probe study of 79647 consultations in 297 North American institutions","volume":"115","author":"Zarbo RJ","year":"1991","journal-title":"Arch Pathol Lab Med"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s100240010177"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_6_2","first-page":"190","article-title":"Intraoperative consultation: An historical perspective","volume":"19","author":"Acs G","year":"2002","journal-title":"Sem Diagn Pathol"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_7_2","first-page":"355","article-title":"The accuracy of frozen\u2010section diagnoses in 34 hospitals","volume":"114","author":"Howanitz PJ","year":"1990","journal-title":"Arch Pathol Lab Med"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00000478-198903000-00009"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0046-8177(93)90042-F"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00000478-198508000-00002"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1619","DOI":"10.5858\/2005-129-1619-FSDIPS","article-title":"Frozen section diagnosis in pediatric surgical pathology: A decade's experience in a children's hospital","volume":"129","author":"Coffin CM","year":"2005","journal-title":"Arch Pathol Lab Med"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_12_2","first-page":"255","article-title":"Frozen sections in hematopathology","volume":"19","author":"Solomon AC","year":"2002","journal-title":"Sem Diagn Pathol"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_13_2","first-page":"729","article-title":"Accuracy of frozen section diagnosis in soft tissue tumors","volume":"3","author":"Golouh R","year":"1990","journal-title":"Mod Pathol"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_14_2","first-page":"S67","article-title":"An approach to handling pediatric liver tumors","volume":"109","author":"Stocker JT","year":"1998","journal-title":"Am J Clin Pathol"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_15_2","first-page":"S31","article-title":"Handling and evaluation of pediatric renal tumors. 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