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Significantly higher concentrations of various mediators, including interferon\u2010\u03b3, neopterin, interleukin (IL)\u20106, IL\u201010, IL\u201018, and heme oxygenase\u20101, were observed in EBV\u2010HLH. Because of their similarity to the profile of familial HLH, this profile was likely a consequence of HLH, but not ectopic infection. TNF\u2010\u03b1 levels were elevated in both diseases. Elevation of those mediators may contribute to the disease pathogenesis of EBV\u2010HLH by activating and inhibiting host immune responses. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2013; 60: E46\u2013E48. \u00a9 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/pbc.24480","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,2,4]],"date-time":"2013-02-04T16:18:24Z","timestamp":1359994704000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":53,"title":["Cytokine profiles in children with primary Epstein\u2013Barr virus infection"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"60","author":[{"given":"Taizo","family":"Wada","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Masahiro","family":"Muraoka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tadafumi","family":"Yokoyama","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tomoko","family":"Toma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hirokazu","family":"Kanegane","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Akihiro","family":"Yachie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,2,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.immunol.25.022106.141553"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2004.11.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-med-041610-134208"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.V98.6.1882"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/652752"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0609.2007.00868.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/pbc.24319"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/421276"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/10428199809057570"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_11_2","first-page":"34","article-title":"T cell cytokine profile during primary Epstein\u2013Barr virus infection (infectious mononucleosis)","volume":"14","author":"Attarbaschi T","year":"2003","journal-title":"Eur Cytokine Netw"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2141.2008.07298.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2141.2009.07957.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2011.11.046"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/keq133"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2007.04.136"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/CVI.00306-10"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_18_2","first-page":"1869","article-title":"Effective control of Epstein\u2013Barr virus\u2010related hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis with immunochemotherapy. 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