{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T07:20:05Z","timestamp":1790666405093,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,5,19]],"date-time":"2016-05-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1463616000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Institutes of Health Training Program in Pediatric Cancer Epidemiology","award":["R25 CA160078"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R25 CA160078"]}]},{"name":"U.S. National Cancer Institute (NCI)","award":["CA21244, CA24507, CA30318, CA30969, CA29139, CA13539"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CA21244, CA24507, CA30318, CA30969, CA29139, CA13539"]}]},{"name":"Kurt Groten Family Research Scholars Award"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100004917","name":"CPRIT","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["RP140258"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RP140258"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100004917","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Alex's Lemonade Stand Foundation Epidemiology"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pediatric Blood &amp; Cancer"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS) is a rare, highly malignant tumor arising from primitive mesenchymal cells that differentiate into skeletal muscle. Relatively little is known about RMS susceptibility. Based on growing evidence regarding the role of early immunologic challenges on RMS development, we evaluated the role of infections and immunizations on this clinically significant pediatric malignancy.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Procedure<\/jats:title><jats:p>RMS cases (n = 322) were enrolled from the third trial coordinated by the Intergroup Rhabdomyosarcoma Study Group. Population\u2010based controls (n = 322) were pair matched to cases on race, sex, and age. The following immunizations were assessed: diphtheria, pertussis, and tetanus (DPT); measles, mumps, and rubella; and oral polio vaccine. We also evaluated if immunizations were complete versus incomplete. We examined selected infections including chickenpox, mumps, pneumonia, scarlet fever, rubella, rubeola, pertussis, mononucleosis, and lung infections. Conditional logistic regression models were used to calculate an odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) for each exposure, adjusted for maternal education and total annual income.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Incomplete immunization schedules (OR\u00a0= 5.30, 95% CI: 2.47\u201311.33) and incomplete DPT immunization (OR = 1.56, 95% CI: 1.06\u20132.29) were positively associated with childhood RMS. However, infections did not appear to be associated with childhood RMS.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>This is the largest study of RMS to date demonstrating a possible protective effect of immunizations against the development of childhood RMS. Further studies are needed to validate our findings. Our findings add to the growing body of literature, suggesting a protective role of routine vaccinations in childhood cancer and specifically in childhood RMS.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/pbc.26065","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,5,20]],"date-time":"2016-05-20T05:13:31Z","timestamp":1463721211000},"page":"1557-1562","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["The Role of Childhood Infections and Immunizations on Childhood Rhabdomyosarcoma: A Report From the Children's Oncology Group"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"63","author":[{"given":"Hari","family":"Sankaran","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Texas Children's Cancer Center Baylor College of Medicine  Houston Texas"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Heather E.","family":"Danysh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Texas Children's Cancer Center Baylor College of Medicine  Houston Texas"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael E.","family":"Scheurer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Texas Children's Cancer Center Baylor College of Medicine  Houston Texas"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M. Fatih","family":"Okcu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Texas Children's Cancer Center Baylor College of Medicine  Houston Texas"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stephen X.","family":"Skapek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Children's Medical Center University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center  Dallas Texas"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Douglas S.","family":"Hawkins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Seattle Children's Hospital University of Washington, and Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center  Seattle Washington"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Logan G.","family":"Spector","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pediatric Epidemiology and Clinical Research, Department of Pediatrics University of Minnesota  Minneapolis Minnesota"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Erik B.","family":"Erhardt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mathematics and Statistics University of New Mexico  Albuquerque New Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Seymour","family":"Grufferman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Department of Internal Medicine University of New Mexico  Albuquerque New Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Philip J.","family":"Lupo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Texas Children's Cancer Center Baylor College of Medicine  Houston Texas"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,5,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2007-2964"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cncr.24465"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_4_1","volume-title":"Soft tissue sarcomas. 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