{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,2]],"date-time":"2026-05-02T03:56:31Z","timestamp":1777694191899,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,2,16]],"date-time":"2017-02-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1487203200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pediatric Blood &amp; Cancer"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>While neuroendocrine (carcinoid) tumors are increasingly recognized in the adult population, they are often not suspected in children.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Procedure<\/jats:title><jats:p>Retrospective review of all well\u2010differentiated neuroendocrine (carcinoid) tumors was performed based on pathology reports from a quaternary pediatric medical center between January 2003 and June 2016. Clinical presentations, treatment approaches, imaging findings, and outcomes were reviewed and analyzed.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>A total of 45 cases of pathology\u2010proven carcinoid tumor were reported with an average age of 14.1 years (range: 7\u201321 years, SD: 2.8 years). Of these cases, 80% (36) were appendiceal, 11% (5) bronchial, 2% (1) colonic, 2% (1) gastric, 2% (1) enteric, and 2% (1) testicular. Metastases were observed in one (3%) appendiceal, one (100%) enteric, and two (40%) bronchial cases. No recurrence was demonstrated in any appendiceal carcinoid cases. Recurrence was seen in one of three extra\u2010appendiceal gastrointestinal tumors. Tumor site and size significantly correlated with metastases and recurrence.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Contrary to recent epidemiological investigations in adults, appendiceal carcinoid tumors remain the most common site for pediatric carcinoid tumors. Appendiceal carcinoid tumors exhibited benign clinical courses without recurrence during short\u2010term follow\u2010up. Extra\u2010appendiceal gastrointestinal carcinoid tumors exhibited much more aggressive behavior with greater metastases and recurrence. Bronchial carcinoid tumors demonstrated good clinical response to resection even in cases with mediastinal lymph node involvement. While increased use of urine 5\u2010HIAA levels and somatostatin receptor\u2010specific imaging might improve detection and guide management of extra\u2010appendiceal carcinoid tumors, longer\u2010term follow\u2010up is needed.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/pbc.26477","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,2,16]],"date-time":"2017-02-16T06:04:55Z","timestamp":1487225095000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":31,"title":["Pediatric neuroendocrine carcinoid tumors: Management, pathology, and imaging findings in a pediatric referral center"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"64","author":[{"given":"Andrew J.","family":"Degnan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology University of Pittsburgh Medical Center  Pittsburgh Pennsylvania"},{"name":"Department of Pediatric Radiology Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh of UPMC  Pittsburgh Pennsylvania"},{"name":"Department of Radiology University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine  Pittsburgh Pennsylvania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shannon","family":"Tocchio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatric Radiology University of Virginia  Charlottesville Virginia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Waleed","family":"Kurtom","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Neonatology Department of Pediatrics University of Miami  Miami Florida"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sameh S.","family":"Tadros","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology University of Pittsburgh Medical Center  Pittsburgh Pennsylvania"},{"name":"Department of Pediatric Radiology Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh of UPMC  Pittsburgh Pennsylvania"},{"name":"Department of Radiology University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine  Pittsburgh Pennsylvania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,2,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199903183401107"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.humpath.2004.09.018"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.sla.0000129342.67174.67"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","first-page":"322","article-title":"Carcinoid tumours. Frequency in a defined population during a 12\u2010year period","volume":"84","author":"Berge T","year":"1976","journal-title":"Acta Pathol Microbiol Scand A"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cncr.11105"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0031-1291307"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/jpsu.2000.9297"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1590\/S1516-31802006000100005"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5858\/2003-127-1200-NTCANC"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/pbc.22559"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM198712313172704"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00247-007-0564-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1634\/theoncologist.10-2-123"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a115734"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/path.1711640308"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/pbc.24267"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s003830000559"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mpo.1269"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpedsurg.2010.07.025"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9610(99)80025-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2008-1072394"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00268-002-6440-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/MPG.0b013e3181e05358"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/pbc.25823"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.17925\/EOH.2011.07.03.196"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00431-005-1740-x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2003-39364"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/curroncol13020006"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0169-5002(98)00075-0"},{"issue":"11","key":"e_1_2_8_31_1","first-page":"712","article-title":"Experience with somatostatin receptor scintigraphy in the management of pulmonary carcinoid tumors","volume":"7","author":"Yellin A","year":"2005","journal-title":"Isr Med Assoc J"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.thorsurg.2014.04.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cncr.23542"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/annonc\/mdv041"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ppul.10249"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0003-4975(94)00630-P"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0003-4975(92)91139-Z"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4081\/rt.2013.e45"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0029-1202857"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.remn.2014.07.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00001622-200403000-00011"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.103.5.1426"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/jpsu.2003.50195"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/SLA.0b013e31818e4641"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-0142(19970315)79:6<1086::AID-CNCR5>3.0.CO;2-E"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2011-300831"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/apt.12698"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9343(86)90583-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-26051-8_19"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1309\/DYUGBG911VCDLBQA"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2010.29.7457"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-5347(17)54994-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/0972-3919.125762"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11864-013-0246-4"}],"container-title":["Pediatric Blood &amp; Cancer"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1002%2Fpbc.26477","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/pbc.26477","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,3]],"date-time":"2023-10-03T23:34:44Z","timestamp":1696376084000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/pbc.26477"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2017,2,16]]},"references-count":53,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,9]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/pbc.26477"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/pbc.26477","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1545-5009","1545-5017"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1545-5009","type":"print"},{"value":"1545-5017","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2017,2,16]]},"article-number":"e26477"}}